臭氧-生物活性炭对有机物分子量分布的影响

测定了南方某水厂中试规模的臭氧-生物活性炭工艺不同处理阶段(原水、沉淀水、砂滤水、臭氧化水、生物活性炭出水)有机物(TOC和UV254)的分子量(MW)分布.分析了原水中生物可同化有机碳(AOC)的分子量分布.结果表明,AOC主要属于天然有机物(NOM)中MW<1kDa的部分.MW<1kDa的部分占可溶解性有机碳(DOC)的53%～67%,而AOC只占DOC的2.65%～5.91%,表明去除大部分DOC的臭氧-生物活性炭工艺并不能有效去除AOC.     

用膜结构参数模型评价溶解性有机物分子量分布对超滤膜污染的影响研究

研究了不同预处理对原水分子量分布的改变和对膜透水通量的影响,用膜污染的结构参数模型,评价了分子量分布对平均孔径和膜孔密度的影响。结果表明:(1)经过不同的预处理后,原水的分子量分布有所改变,混凝对大分子量有机物去除率较高,PAC吸附对小分子量有机物去除率较高,臭氧PAC联用预处理使大分子量有机物和小分子量有机物均有所去除。(2)分子量分布对膜通量影响较大。(3)通过试验并应用膜结构参数模型,评价了分子量分布对膜平均孔径和膜孔密度的影响,表明小分子量有机物易引起孔内吸附,大分子量有机物容易在膜面附着。     

不同pH下低分子量有机酸对黄壤中铝活化的影响

用一次平衡的方法研究了不同pH下低分子量有机酸对黄壤中铝活化的影响.结果表明,低分子量有机酸体系可以通过质子和有机酸阴离子两个因素促进黄壤中铝的活化.当pH>4.3时,有机酸通过络合作用促进铝溶解的大小顺序为:柠檬酸>草酸>水杨酸>乳酸,与有机酸和铝形成络合物的稳定常数大小一致.有机酸阴离子可以通过自身的吸附增加土壤交换态铝的量,但质子作用对黄壤交换态铝的活化比有机酸阴离子的吸附起着更为重要的作用,随pH值的降低这种趋势更加明显.有机酸对交换态铝的活化作用随pH值的降低而增加.低分子量有机酸活化的铝主要分布在土壤表面的交换位上,但在柠檬酸和草酸体系中,当pH值分别大于4.40和4.55时,活化铝主要分布在土壤溶液中.     

天然沸石去除腐殖酸和氨氮的研究

采用改性的浙江缙云天然斜发沸石,进行去除氨氮和腐殖酸的研究。腐殖酸对氨氮的去除有影响,含量越高。影响也越大。沸石主要去除大分子量的腐殖酸,对小分子量的腐殖酸去除效果较差。由于大分子腐殖酸会干扰氨氮的去除,去除大分子的腐殖酸有助于提高沸石去除氨氮的效果。     

可燃液体的闪点

通常情况下,可燃液体的燃烧并非液体本身,而是液体蒸发出来的蒸气在燃烧.液体的蒸发要克服液体分子间存在的引力(分子间力),而同类液体分子间力的大小却与液体分子量大小有关,分子量大的液体蒸发比分子量小的液体蒸发要困难.     

滇池沉积物不同分子量溶解性有机质分布及其与Cu和Pb的相互作用

采用平衡渗析法、离子计和光谱分析等技术研究了滇池表层沉积物中DOM(溶解性有机质)的分子量分布特征及不同分子量的DOM对Cu和Pb的结合能力. 结果表明,草海和外海沉积物中DOM的分子量组成有显著差异. 草海沉积物中DOM主要以分子量为3.5~5.0ku的组分为主;外海沉积物中DOM以分子量为0.5~2.0ku的组分为主. 滇池各级分子量DOM的腐殖化程度(以A3/A4计,A3、A4分别为DOM在300、400nm处的紫外吸光度)在1.57~6.00之间,而且DOM腐殖化程度和芳香性随着分子量的增加而增大. 离子计分析和三维荧光光谱特征表明,Cu趋向于和分子量为2.0~3.5ku的DOM结合,而Pb趋向于和分子量≤0.5ku的DOM结合. 用结合容量和分配系数(K_d)表征Cu、Pb与DOM在两相中的结合能力,分子量为2.0~3.5ku的DOM中的w(Cu)最大,草海和外海分别为717.65和340.27mg/g;分子量≤0.5ku的DOM中的w(Pb)最大,草海和外海分别为2988.84和5073.45mg/g.      

高分子量聚丙烯酰胺的合成及絮凝效果研究

通过研究影响聚丙烯酰胺聚合的因素，使用防交联剂，缓聚剂等助剂，合成了分子量大于2000万的高分子量的聚丙烯酰胺，絮凝试验表明合成的聚丙烯酰胺是很好的絮凝剂。     

A review of environmental characteristics and effects of low-molecular weight organic acids in the surface ecosystem

Low molecular weight organic acids （LMWOAs） are prevalent on the earth＇s surface. They are vital intermediate products during metabolic pathways of organic matter and participate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle during life activities. Photochemical reactions are pivotal for LMWOAs＇ origination and play a large role in determining their diversity and their ultimate fate. Within the long time that organic matter is preserved in sediments, it can be decomposed and converted to release organic and inorganic pollutants as well as C, N, and P nutrients, which are of potential ecological risk in causing secondary pollution to lake water. The sediment pool is a comprehensive and complex compartment closely associated with overlying water by various biochemical processes, during which LMWOAs play critical roles to transport and transform elements. This article elucidates geochemical behaviors of LMWOAs in the surface environment in details, taking natural water, soil, and aerosol as examples, focusing on reviewing research developments on sources and characteristics, migration and mineralization of LMWOAs and relevant environmental effects. Simultaneously, this review article depicts the categories and contents of LMWOAs or their contribution to DOC in environmental media, and evaluates their importance during organic matter early diagenesis. Through concluding and discussing the conversion mechanisms and influencing factors, the next research orientations on LMWOAs in lake ecosystems are determined, mainly concerning relationships with hydrochemical parameters and microorganisms, and interactions with pollutants. This will enrich the knowledge on organic matter degradation and related environmental effects, and help reconstruct a theoretical framework for organic compound succession and influencing factors, providing basic data for lake eutrophication and ecological risk assessment, conducive to better control over water pollution and proper management of water quality.     

Effects of ozonation and coagulation on effluent organic matter characteristics and ultrafiltration membrane fouling

Effluent organic matter （EfOM） is the major cause of fouling in the low pressure membranes process for wastewater reuse. Coagulation and oxidation of biological wastewater treatment effluent have been applied for the fouling control of microfiltration membranes. However, the change in EfOM structure by pre-treatments has not been clearly identified. The changes of EfOM characteristics induced by coagulation and ozonation were investigated through size exclusion chromatography, UV/Vis spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrophotometry and titrimetric analysis to identify the mechanisms in the reduction of ultrafiltration （UF） membrane fouling. The results indicated that reduction of flux decline by coagulation was due to modified characteristics of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） content. Total concentration of DOC was not reduced by ozonation. However, the mass fraction of the molecules with molecular weight larger than 5 kDa, fluorescence intensity, aromaticity, highly condensed chromophores, average molecular weight and soluble microbial byproducts decreased greatly after ozonation. These results indicated that EfOM was partially oxidized by ozonation to low molecular weight, highly charged compounds with abundant electron- withdrawing functional groups, which are favourable for alleviating UF membrane flux decline.     

芘胁迫对5种羊茅属植物根系分泌的几类低分子量有机物的影响

根系分泌物与有机污染物的植物修复过程密切相关,研究胁迫条件下不同修复潜力植物根系分泌物的释放特征有助于揭示植物修复的内在机制.借助根际袋土培试验研究了芘胁迫(10~160 mg·kg~(-1))下5种羊茅属植物在不同胁迫期(30~70d)时根系分泌物中几种低分子量有机物的释放特征.结果表明:1芘胁迫促进了根系对可溶性糖的分泌:随着胁迫水平的升高、胁迫期的延长,其分泌量呈"先升后降"变化趋势,胁迫水平为C3(40.36 mg·kg~(-1))、胁迫期为40 d时达到最大值;修复潜力越大,趋势越明显.2芘胁迫增强了根系对低分子量有机酸的释放,修复潜力越大,释放高峰值出现时的胁迫浓度越高,且主要以草酸、乙酸、乳酸和苹果酸为主(98.15%),但修复潜力较强物种的根系分泌物中也检测到微量反丁烯二酸.3芘胁迫对氨基酸的种类影响不大,但对分泌量影响较大:苏氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸的分泌量随着胁迫水平的升高而剧增;脯氨酸、羟脯氨酸和天冬氨酸对芘胁迫的响应近乎以功能群的形式参与植物修复过程,参与的组分越多,修复潜力越强.可见,芘胁迫下根系分泌物中可溶性糖、低分子量有机酸以及氨基酸的释放特征与植物自身的修复潜力有关;修复潜力越强,释放量越多且成分越复杂,并表现出更强的环境适应性及生理可塑性.