Selection of appropriate organic additives for enhancing Zn and Cd phytoextraction by hyperaccumulators

Chelant-enhanced phytoextraction is one of the most promising technologies to remove heavy metals from soil. The key of the technology is to choose suitable additives in combination with a suitable plant. In the present study, laboratory batch experiment of metal solubilization, cress seeds germination were undertaken to investigate the metal-mobilizing capability and the phytotoxicity of organic additives, including ethylene diamine triacetic acid （EDTA）, citric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, glutamine and monosodium glutamate waste liquid （MGWL） from food industry. Experiments in pots were carried out to study the effects of the additives on Zn and Cd phytoextraction. Furthermore, a leaching experiment with lysimeter was performed to evaluate the environmental risks of additive-induced leaching to underground water. The results showed that EDTA had a strong mobilizing ability for Zn and Cd, followed by mixed reagent （MR） and MGWL. MGWL and acetic acid at 5 mmol equivalent per liter resulted in seed germination index less than 2%. Experiments in pots verified the phytotoxicity of acetic acid and MGWL. Addition of the mixed reagent at 6--10 mmol/kg significantly increased Zn phytoextraction by Thlaspi caerulescens. The same for EDTA and the mixed reagent at 10 mmol/kg by Sedum dfredii. But only mixed reagents could significantly increase Cd phytoextraction by the studied hyperaccumulators. This suggested that the strong chelant was not always the good agent to enhance phytoextraction. S. alfredii combined with 2--10 mmol/kg soil MR was preferred for phytoremediation of Cd/Zn contaminated soils in southern China, this could result in high phytoextraction of Cd/Zn and reduce the leaching risk to underground water than EDTA assisted phytoextration.     

Selective extraction and separation of Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials in river surficial sediments

In order to investigate the adsorption mechanism of trace metals to surficial sediments （SSs）, a selective extraction procedure was improved in the present work. The selective extraction procedure has been proved to selectively remove and separate Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials （OMs） in the non-residual fraction from the SSs collected in Songhua River, China. After screening different kinds of conventional extractants of Fe and Mn oxides and OMs used for separation of heavy metals in the soils and sediments, NH2OH .HCl （0.1 mol/L） ＋ HNO3 （0.1 mol/L）, （NH4）2C2O4 （0.2 mol/L） ＋ H2C2O4 （pH 3.0）, and 30% of H2O2 were respectively applied to selectively extract Mn oxides, Fe/Mn oxides and OMs. After the extraction treatments, the target components were removed with extraction efficiencies between 86.09%--3.36% for the hydroxylamine hydrochloride treatment, 80.63%- 101.09% for the oxalate solution extraction, and 94.76%-102.83% for the hydrogen peroxide digestion, respectively. The results indicate that this selective extraction technology was effective for the extraction and separation ofFe, Mn oxides and OMs in the SSs, and important for further mechanism study of trace metal adsorption onto SSs.     

主要污染物指标下降凸显环保成效——绿色广东建设呼唤"环保拐点"

今年上半年，广东省两项主要污染物二氧化硫和化学需氧量排放量分别比去年同期削减2．9％和1．1％，在全国17个重点省（区，市）中，广东是唯一一个两项指标双双“掉头向下”的省份。在广东省GDP上半年快速增长14．4％的情况下，两项主要污染物指标双双下降，使我们听到了广东省委、省政府树立和落实科学发展观，切实转变经济增长方式的坚强足音，表明广东环境污染加剧的趋势已经得到了初步遏制。     

催化CODcr快速测法的精密度与准确度实验

化学需氧量标准分析方法测定时间长、操作繁琐。本实验采用CTL—BX3C型便携式COD快速测定仪能在20分钟获得COD数据，同时耗能低、省时省力、减少污染。催化CODcr快速法的精密度与准确度均能达到要求。     

Investigation on Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd fractions in the natural surface coating samples and surficial sediments in the Songhua River, China

Natural surface coating samples （NSCSs） from the surface of shingles and surficial sediments （SSs） in the Songhua River, China were employed to investigate the relationship between NSCSs and SSs in fractions of heavy metals （Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd） using the modified sequential extraction procedure （MSEP）. The results show that the differences between NSCSs and SSs in Fe fi＇actions were insignificant and Fe was dominantly present as residual phase （76.22% for NSCSs and 80.88% for SSs） and Fe-oxides phase （20.33% for NSCSs and 16.15% for SSs）. Significant variation of Mn distribution patterns between NSCSs and SSs was observed with Mn in NSCSs mainly present in Mn-oxides phase （48.27%） and that in SSs present as residual phase （45.44%）. Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were found dominantly in residual fractions （〉48%）, and next in solid oxides/hydroxides for Zn, Pb and Cd and in easily oxidizable solids/compounds form for Cu, respectively. The heavy metal distribution patterns implied that Fe/Mn oxides both in NSCSs and SSs were more important sinks for binding and adsorption of Zn, Pb and Cd than organic matter （OM）, and inversely, higher affinity of Cu to OM than Fe/Mn oxides in NSCSs and SSs was obtained. Meanwhile, it was found that the distributions of heavy metals in NSCSs and SSs were similar to each other and the pseudo-total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in NSCSs were greater than those in SSs, highlighting the more importance for NSCSs than SSs in controlling behaviours of heavy metals in aquatic environments.     

“十一五”期间重点流域化学需氧量排放及减排潜力分析

根据"十一五"期间七大流域化学需氧量(COD)排放总量、工业COD排放量及生活COD排放量的变化情况对各流域的减排幅度进行了综合评价,根据单位水资源COD负荷、单位工业产值COD排放强度及人均生活COD排放强度对各流域的污染压力进行了综合评价,以七大流域的减排幅度和污染压力为基础分析了各流域COD的减排潜力,并对各流域的重点防控领域和配套减排措施等方面提出了政策建议。     

重铬酸盐滴定法测定COD的影响因素研究

消解酸度、滴定酸度、还原性离子、消解时间等是影响重铬酸钾滴定法测定水中化学需氧量(COD)的重要因素。本文对这些影响因素开展研究,结果表明,消解酸度从50%(v/v)减少至30%,COD的测定值降低了35%～57%。氯离子的氧化产物为氯气,但采取0.025 mol/L的重铬酸盐时不能被完全氧化;铵离子单独存在时对测定COD值无贡献,但与氯离子共存时有贡献;碘离子则无此现象。     

傅立叶变换红外光谱法（FTIR）在环境化学研究中的进展

FTIR法是研究大气、水、固体环境化学和毒理化学等方面反应过程重要的分析手段，文中主要介绍了该法的近期研究进展情况．     

CTL-12型化学需氧量速测仪与标准法测定CODCr之比较

使用CTL—12型化学需氧量速测仪分析废水化学需氧量，简便、快速，且方法可行，完全能满足环境监测技术要求。     

塔里木油田钻完井液环保处理技术研究

文章分别对水基磺化钻完井液和高密度柴油基钻完井液的环保处理技术进行了研究评价,对高温氧化、化学絮凝+机械脱水、生物修复等三类环保处理技术及工艺进行的研究表明,对水基磺化钻完井液产生的作业废物,3种方法中高温氧化处理技术处理效果稳定,COD去除率最高;化学絮凝+机械脱水工艺对COD去除效果不理想;生物处理工艺处理效果不能达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的二级标准,不适合于塔里木油田气候环境。对于油基钻完井液产生的作业废物,基于萃取脱附的LRET脱附技术处理后固相含油量小于1%,回收油全部回用作为配置油基钻井液的基油,处理效果稳定,处理后含油钻屑的含油量小于1%,达到DB 23/T 1413—2010《油田含油污泥综合利用污染控制标准》要求。