失效锂离子电池有机物真空脱除和浸出研究

文章采用真空蒸发热处理的方法脱除废弃失效的锂离子电池中的有机物,加热温度为220~500℃,真空炉内压力150Pa,恒温处理时间1h。除有机物被脱除外,当处理温度为280℃时形成了CoO和Li2CO3。温度升高至350℃时,主要的物相为LiCoO2、CoO、Co3O4和Co,以及少量Li2CO3。在超声场中将电极材料与铝、铜箔集流体分离,然后分别用含亚硫酸钠的硫酸溶液和氨性溶液处理电极材料。当用含亚硫酸钠的硫酸溶液浸出经280℃脱除有机物的电极材料时,钴元素基本被浸出。而用氨性溶液浸出经350℃脱除有机物的电极材料时,钴元素的浸出率很低。为了提高钴的浸出率,真空热处理的温度应介于280~350℃之间。     

Composition, source, mass closure of PM2:5 aerosols for four forests in eastern China

PM2.5 aerosols were collected in forests along north latitude in boreal-temperate, temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic zones in eastern China, i.e., Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve (CB), Dongping National Forest Park in Chongming Island (CM), Dinghu Mountain Nature Reserve (DH), Jianfengling Nature Reserve in Hainan Island (HN). The mass concentrations of PM2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) as well as concentrations of ten inorganic ions (F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, C2O42-, NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) were determined. Aerosol chemical mass closures were achieved. The 24-hr average concentrations of PM2.5 were 38.8, 89.2, 30.4, 18 μg/m3 at CB, CM, DH and HN, respectively. Organic matter and EC accounted for 21%-33% and 1.3%-2.3% of PM2.5 mass, respectively. The sum of three dominant secondary ions (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+) accounted for 44%, 50%, 45% and 16% of local PM2.5 mass at CB, CM, DH and HN, respectively. WSOC comprised 35%-65% of OC. The sources of PM2.5 include especially important regional anthropogenic pollutions at Chinese forest areas.     

河口区有色溶解有机物(CDOM)三维荧光光谱的影响因素

结合在厦门湾九龙江口的现场调查与实验室分析,对目前河口区CDOM三维荧光光谱(excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy,EEMS)分析的一些影响因素(主要是离子强度、浓度效应、不同孔径滤膜过滤)进行了探讨.结果表明,CDOM的EEMS与样品中离子强度关系不大,说明在河口区河海水混合过程中,仅仅由于水体盐度的变化不会造成CDOM光学特征的明显变化.河端CDOM的荧光强度随物理稀释倍数的增大成相应比例的减小,稀释对EEMS的影响仅仅体现在荧光强度上,显示河口区的CDOM样品不存在荧光淬灭效应.九龙江口河流端样品中共含有类腐殖质(C、A)及类蛋白质(T1、T2)4种荧光团,随着混合样品中海水体积分数的增大,样品荧光强度逐渐降低,代表海洋来源的类腐殖质荧光峰M逐渐显露,T1峰逐渐高于A峰.这说明从河端至外海CDOM的组成结构发生了一系列的变化,来源上逐渐完成了以陆源为主到海源为主的转变;性质上逐渐完成了以类腐殖质荧光团为主到类蛋白质荧光团为主的转变.在中、高盐度区,0.2μm的Millipore聚碳酸酯滤膜可以很好地去除水体散射对EEMS的干扰,EEMS(0.2μm)比EEMS(0.7μm)更为规则,各峰的显示更加清晰.不同荧光基团的划分更加容易.无论高、中、低盐度站位,0.7μm滤膜过滤的样品,其CDOM荧光强度都要略高于0.2μm滤膜过滤的样品,2种不同孔径滤膜过滤对CDOM荧光测定带来的差异不可忽略.     

新型CuMn/TiO2苯类催化燃烧催化剂的研制及活性实验

采用浸溃法制备了CuMn/TiO2新型甲苯燃烧催化剂,其活性明显优于传统CuMn/γ-Al2O3和Cu-Mn复合氧化物催化剂.研究发现,载体TiO2自身有一定催化活性,而γ-Al2O3则几乎没有活性;TiO2与Cu-Mn之间的协同作用更提高了新型催化剂的活性.XRD、LRS结果显示,CuMn/TiO2催化剂的主要活性相为铜锰尖晶石(CuMn2O4),它的存在是CuMn/TiO2催化活性优良的另一个主要原因.考察了Cu-Mn负载量、铜锰比和焙烧温度对催化剂活性的影响,CuMn/TiO2下对甲苯的去除率达95%以上时催化床层温度为215℃,比CuMn/γ-Al2O3和Cu-Mn复合氧化物对甲苯去除率达95%时分别下降了30℃、50℃左右.     

Impact of Fenton and ozone on oxidation of wastewater containing nitroaromatic compounds

Fenton and ozone treatment was investigated at laboratory scale for the degradation of aqueous solutions of nitrobenzene (NB).Effects of reactants concentration (O3,H2O2,and Fe(II)),temperature,and pH on NB degradation were monitored.Reaction kinetic of these processes was also assessed.A rapid reaction took place for Fenton process at higher initial concentration of H2O2,higher temperatures,and more acidic conditions(pH 3).Similarly, ozonation reaction exhibited rapid rates for higher ozone dose,higher temperatures,and more basic conditions(pH 11).Complete NB degradation in 65 min Was achieved using Fenton process.The conditions of complete elimination of 100 mg/L of initial NB concentration,were 250 mg/L of H2O2 concentration,pH 3,and 10 mg/L of Fe(Ⅱ) concentration.Under these conditions,55% organic carbon elimination Was achieved.Total organic carbon mineralization Was attained in 240 min reaction time by Fenton process with 900 mg/L of H2O2 concentration,and 30 mg/L of Fe(II) concentration.Fenton reaction showed a pseudo-first order kinetic;the reaction rate constant Was ranged from 0.0226 to 0.0658 min-1.Complete NB degradation wag also achieyed for an ozone dose of the order of 2.5 g/L.The ozonation Was studied at different ozone doses.different initial pH(7-11)and at difierent temperatures(15-35℃).NB ozonation kinetic Was represented by a bi-molecular kinetic model which was reduced to pseudo-first order kinetic.The pseudo-first order reaction rate constant was determined to increase at 20℃ from 0.004 to 0.020 min-1 as the used ozone increased from 0.4 to 1.9g/L.     

丝状真菌生物过滤塔对挥发性有机物的去除性能

生物过滤塔工艺是控制挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染的一种重要工艺。其中,丝状真菌由于所产生的菌丝体易捕捉气相中的疏水性污染物,同时又具备耐受低pH值和适应干燥环境等特性,而日益成为VOCs生物过滤技术中新的研究热点。文章在对丝状真菌生物过滤塔的降解机理和特点进行分析的基础上,针对目前在生物过滤塔技术中研究较多的几种典型丝状真菌,较详细介绍了该类真菌生物过滤塔对VOCs的去除性能,并对该技术在VOCs控制方面的研究与应用中存在的问题和发展方向进行了分析和展望。     

挥发性恶臭有机污染物的分子标志物研究进展

分子标志物技术一直是环境污染物来源识别和迁移转化机理研究的重要内容。挥发性恶臭有机物作为大气环境中一类极为特殊和复杂的有机污染物,目前采用分子标志物技术研究其来源识别和迁移转化过程甚为薄弱,因此尤其值得关注。文章介绍了该类污染物分子标志物的国内外研究进展,从其来源、测试技术、大气化学污染特征和源识别方法等方面进行阐述,指出了今后的研究方向。     

室内空气中挥发性有机物污染研究现状

随着经济的发展和人们生活水平品质的提高,室内空气污染逐渐成为人们关心的环境问题之一。文章在查阅了大量文献及结合作者工作的基础上,介绍了室内空气中挥发性有机物污染水平研究现状,采样分析方法和治理技术的进展情况。     

土壤重金属形态与溶解性有机物的环境行为

土壤中重金属的污染已成为日趋严重的环境问题,重金属在土壤中的富集过程和迁移转化规律与土壤中重金属赋存形态有着密切的联系。文章阐述了土壤中重金属的赋存形态及其影响因素,并介绍了溶解性有机物质(DOM)与土壤中重金属间的环境化学行为,为更加科学合理利用和修复受重金属污染土壤以及为土壤环境污染风险评估与预测提供准确、可靠的理论支持。     

聚硅酸硫酸铁强化混凝去除微污染水源水中天然有机污染物

应用强化混凝技术,降低原水中有机物含量,是控制消毒副产物生成的有效途径之一。通过混凝搅拌试验,评价了聚硅酸硫酸铁混凝剂对原水中有机污染物的去除效果,考察了混凝剂投加量、pH值等对去除效果的影响。结果表明：聚硅酸硫酸铁去除有机物和除浊能力明显优于硫酸铁、聚合硫酸铁,其适宜的投药量范围和pH值范围宽;聚硅酸硫酸铁在混凝过程中形成的矾花较大,沉降速度快,因而可缩短处理水在构筑物中的停留时间,提高系统的处理能力;此外,通过正交实验确定了聚硅酸硫酸铁混凝剂的最佳水力条件。