中草药种植区土壤及草药中重金属含量状况及评价

通过野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了河北省安国市中草药种植区土壤重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd的含量、空间分布特征及草药中重金属含量状况,以及不同中草药对土壤重金属的累积特征,并对种植区土壤和草药重金属污染程度进行了评价.结果表明,种植区土壤重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd含量均值分别为12.9、 0.036、 15.6、 0.118 mg·kg-1,均低于相应<土壤环境质量标准>二级标准值;以土壤背景值为标准评价,单项污染指数评价结果显示,16个中药种植区中土壤 As、Hg、Pb、Cd达轻度污染的比例分别为18.75%、43.75%、0%、100%,且6.25%的种植区土壤Hg污染达到中度水平.综合污染指数评价结果表明,12.5%种植区土壤重金属污染等级为警戒级,其余各地区均处于轻度污染水平;而以<土壤环境质量标准>二级标准值评价,各种植区单项污染指数及综合污染指数结果均<0.7,土壤环境清洁;绝大多数(>95%)种植区草药样品污染指数<1,不同中草药对土壤重金属的累积能力存在明显差异:紫菀、知母对Cd的富集系数及白芷、北沙参对Hg富集系数均>1.因此,在中药GAP(优良农业生产)基地土壤质量评价过程中,应重视中草药自身特性对重金属吸收和累积的影响.     

土壤铅-苯并[a]芘复合污染对小麦种子生长的影响研究

研究了土壤中低含量铅(Pb)-苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)复合污染对小麦种子萌发率、根伸长、芽伸长以及芽根比的影响,以期考察复合污染的生态效应并筛选具有指示土壤污染程度的指标.结果表明,小麦种子萌发率对Pb-B[a]P单一及复合污染均不敏感;Pb和B[a]P单一污染时小麦根伸长均受到一定程度的抑制作用;复合污染条件下Pb...     

东莞市蔬菜基地土壤中喹诺酮类抗生素的污染特征研究

抗生素作为新兴环境污染物在区域农业土壤污染特征研究中鲜见报道.本文利用固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法,调查了东莞市18个区镇24个代表性蔬菜基地土壤中喹诺酮类抗生素(QNs)的含量与分布特征.结果表明,4种喹诺酮类化合物的检出率均在90%以上,以环丙沙星(平均含量24.93μg·kg-1)和恩诺沙星(平均含量...     

羊草草原和贝加尔针茅草原生态系统呼吸的差异分析

应用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对羊草草原和贝加尔针茅草原的生态系统呼吸CO2通量进行了测算,分析了生态系统呼吸的影响因素,比较了2种草原生态系统呼吸的差异并分析了产生差异的原因.观测期间羊草草原生态系统呼吸CO2通量平均为(12.03±2.10)mg·(m2·min)-1,显著低于贝加尔针茅草原[(20.09±4.41)mg·(m2·min)-1];而羊草草原生物量显著大于贝加尔针茅草原(p0.001).羊草草原和贝加尔针茅草原生态系统呼吸都与温度(箱内气温、5cm和15cm地温)具有显著的指数函数关系.通过偏相关分析发现,在地温作为控制变量时,生态系统呼吸与土壤Eh、pH间不再具有显著的相关性,Eh、pH对CO2通量的影响可能是由地温变化间接引起的,而CO2通量与活体生物量呈现出了一定的相关性,与凋落物生物量无显著相关性.2种草原的CO2通量都可以用温度指数模型进行很好地模拟,基于地温的模拟效果(R2为0.568～0.639)显著好于基于箱内气温的(R2为0.323～0.426).地温是2种草原生态系统呼吸最重要的影响因素,它掩盖了地上部植物体对生态系统呼吸的影响.在该区域,土壤呼吸占生态系统呼吸比例较高,贝加尔针茅草原较高的有机质含量导致了其生态系统呼吸CO2通量较高.     

广东省荔枝园土壤农药残留现状研究

荔枝收获完毕后在广东省荔枝主产区采集208个荔枝园土壤样本,检测了9种荔枝常用农药甲霜灵、代森锰锌、多菌灵、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、敌百虫、乐果和敌敌畏的残留含量.结果表明,农药检出率为氯氰菊酯(59.1%)多菌灵(51.0%)代森锰锌(11.1%)甲霜灵(6.7%)三氟氯氰菊酯(3.4%).乐果和敌敌畏仅在个别果园检出,溴氰菊酯和敌百虫均未检出.土壤同时检出不同种类农药果园的百分数为只检出1种农药(40.4%)同时检出2种(31.3%)未检出(18.8%)同时检出3种(8.2%)同时检出4种(1.4%).检出的7种农药中,代森锰锌残留平均含量最高达39.05μg·kg-1,氯氰菊酯次之为7.83μg·kg-1.其它5种农药平均含量为0.19～1.65μg·kg-1.整体上广东省荔枝园土壤农药残留状况较轻.     

水泥窑协同处置POPs污染土壤对环境的影响研究

 分析了水泥窑协同处置POPs污染土壤对烟气中污染物排放和熟料品质的影响,结果表明,SO2、NOx、HCl、Hg、As、Ni、Pb、粉尘、二 的排放量均低于工业大气污染物排放规定限制,与空白试验相比,水泥窑协同处置污染土壤过程中烟气中特征污染物排放量没有显著增加.水泥熟料化学成分满足相关规定,熟料产品质量达到相关标准,因此利用水泥窑协同处置POPs污染土壤是一种环境友好处理方式.     

Impacts of wastewater sludge amendments in restoring nitrogen cycle in p-nitrophenol contaminated soil

The possible impacts on nitrogen-cycle in a p-nitrophenol (PNP) polluted soil and the e ectiveness of wastewater sludge amendments in restoring nitrification potential and urease activity were evaluated by an incubation study. The results indicated that PNP at 250 mg/kg soil inhibited urease activity, nitrification potential, arginine ammonification rate and heterotrophic bacteria counts to some extents. After exposure to PNP, the nitrification potential of the tested soil was dramatically reduced to zero over a period of 30 days. Based on the findings, nitrification potential was postulated as a simple biochemical indicator for PNP pollution in soils. Nitrogen-cycling processes in soils responded positively to the applications of wastewater sludges. A sludge application rate of 200 tons/ha was su cient for successful biostimulation of these nitrogen processes. The microbial activities in sludge-amended, heavy PNP-polluted soils seemed to recover after 30–45 days, indicating the e ectiveness of sludge as a useful soil amendment.     

Remediation of copper polluted red soils with clay materials

Attapulgite and montmorillonite were utilized to remediate heavy metal polluted red soils in Guixi City, Jiangxi Province, China. The e ects of clay minerals on availability, chemical distribution, and biotoxicity of Cu and Zn were evaluated. The results provided a reference for the rational application of clay materials to remediate heavy metal contaminated soils. From the sorption experiment, the maximum adsorbed Cu2+ by attapulgite and montmorillonite was 1501 and 3741 mg/kg, respectively. After polluted red soil was amended with attapulgite or montmorillonite and cultured at 30 and 60 days, soil pH increased significantly compared to the control. An 8% increase in the amount of montmorillonite in soil and 30 days incubation decreased acid exchangeable Cu by 24.7% compared to the control red soil. Acid exchangeable Cu decreased with increasing amounts of attapulgite and montmorillonite, with best remediation e ect reached at a dose of 8%. Results also showed that the Cu poisoning e ect on earthworms was reduced with the addition of attapulgite and montmorillonite. Montmorillonite showed the best e ect, with the addition of a 2% dose the mortality of earthworms decreased from 60% to zero compared to the control. Our results indicated that the bioavailability of Cu in soils was reduced more e ectively with the application of montmorillonite than attapulgite.     

Evaluation of adsorption capacities of humic acids extracted from Algerian soil on polyaniline for application to remove pollutants such as Cd(Ⅱ), Zn(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ) and characterization with cavity microelectrode

The adsorption capacities of new humic acids isolated from Yakouren forest (YHA) and Sahara (Tamenrasset: THA) soils (Algeria) and commercial humic acid (PFHA) on polyaniline emeraldine base (PEB) were studied at pH 6.6. Also the adsorption of heavy metals such as Cd2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ on humic acid-polyaniline systems (HA-PEB) was investigated at the same conditions. HA-PEB compounds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectrometry and cavity microelectrode. In addition, batch adsorption and cavity microelectrode were used in the adsorption study of Cd2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ on HA-PEB. To develop biocaptors of polluting metals using a cavity microelectrode modified by HA-PEB systems, the adsorption kinetic and adsorption capacity were investigated. The SEM analysis showed that the presence of humic acid affected the PEB surface and caused the formation of a granular morphology. The maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) of PFHA, THA and YHA determined by adsorption isotherms were 91.31, 132.1 and 151.0 mg/g, respectively. Batch adsorption results showed that qmax of Cd2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ on HA-PEB followed the order: THA-PEB > YHA-PEB > PFHA-PEB. The voltammograms obtained with HA-PEB modified cavity microelectrode showed the appearance of new redox couples reflecting the adsorption of HA on PEB. Metal-humic acid-polyaniline voltammograms were characterized by appearance of oxidation-reduction couples or reduction wave corresponding to metal. Finally, the result may be exploited to develop a biocaptor based on the cavity microelectrode amended by THA-PEB and YHA-PEB.     

Archaeal community structure along a gradient of petroleum contamination in saline-alkali soil

The impact of petroleum on archaeal community in salinealkali soils was investigated, which will expand the knowledge of the archaeal population involved in the natural attenuation of hydrocarbons in extreme environments.