攀枝花地区芒果园土壤碳氮磷分布现状及变化趋势

土壤养分制约着果树产量和品质,同时受果园生产管理的影响而变化.为了解攀枝花地区芒果园土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量现状,探明果园管理导致的土壤养分变化趋势,选择3个发育阶段(挂果前期:2-5年;初期:6-10年;盛期:11-26年)芒果园共162个,研究果园树盘区和间空区0-20 cm和20-40 cm土层土壤C...     

环境监测取样在农田土壤中的运用分析

为做好农田土壤质量环境监测,提升取样工作效率.分析了农田土壤取样的具体过程和要点,即:监测点的选择、采集样品、污染土壤的检测取样、运送采集样品、制备样品、保存样品,如此规范操作,使选取的样品更具代表性,为制订相关决策提供依据和指导.     

珠三角典型区域农田小区尺度氮、磷、镉、砷输移特征与控制对策

区域氮、磷、镉、砷输移变化是影响农业生产、导致农田面源污染的主要因素。基于土壤表观平衡模型,以珠三角流域佛山市农业科学研究所试验农田为典型研究区域,构建农田小区尺度土壤表观氮、磷、镉、砷平衡模型,对4种元素在土壤中输移结构和平衡进行分析。结果表明：研究区域4种元素的主要输入途径是施肥,而输出的主要形式各有不同。其中,氮、磷主要输出形式是作物富集输出,输出占比分别为57.5%和39.0%;镉、砷主要输出形式分别是地表径流和作物富集输出,输出占比分别为66.7%和10.7%。研究区域4种元素均出现了不同程度土壤富集现象,农田小区尺度氮、磷平衡处于盈余状态,而镉、砷平衡处于亏损状态,4种元素的平衡强度分别为37.40、8.88、-1.35和-20.50 kg/(hm²·a),仅氮、磷未超过当地土壤环境安全阈值。分析试验农田中5类蔬菜各部位镉、砷富集情况发现,砷的富集系数均达到70.0%以上,而镉的富集只在辣椒叶中较为突出,富集系数达到57.5%。研究显示,应重视肥料输入的有效利用,加强农田灌溉水、农作物和地表径流中重金属的监测,以保障区域粮食安全和水环境安全。     

焦化污染场地土壤多环芳烃的生物强化协同降解工艺研究

以某废弃焦化厂的多环芳烃（PAHs）污染土壤为研究对象,通过耦合表活淋洗、生物降解、化学氧化等技术设计了4种修复工艺,并进行了试验验证。结果表明：针对该实际焦化污染土壤,单一的生物泥浆降解工艺21 d后PAHs可实现58.64%的降解率;采用表活增溶+化学氧化+生物泥浆的降解工艺,26 d降解率可达到65.68%,但前置的化学氧化会抑制生物降解效果;采用干筛分+表活分批淋洗+化学氧化的降解工艺降解率可达到85.36%,有效缩短降解时间到13 d内,但土壤中残留的PAHs与土壤颗粒结合紧密,化学氧化降解率仍难以满足大于90%的要求;采用湿筛分+表活分批淋洗+生物泥浆+化学氧化的生物强化协同降解工艺,29 d降解率可达到95.32%,实现了土壤的修复目标。生物强化协同降解工艺路线,综合了多种修复技术的优点,实现了修复技术组合优化,为焦化污染土壤中多环芳烃降解修复提供了可行的工艺路径。     

某在役炼化场地特征污染物识别与分析

以多水期污染监测数据为基础,采用内梅罗污染指数(Pn)法对某在役炼化场地的特征污染物进行识别,并对识别结果进行分析。研究表明：该炼化场地土壤中优先控制的特征污染物有砷、钴、苯、苯并[a]芘、乙苯和石油烃(C₁₀～C₄₀),一般特征污染物有铊、铍、铅、钒、镍、间/对-二甲苯和二苯并[a,h]蒽等;地下水中优先控制的特征污染物有钒、铊、钼、苯乙烯、苯并[a]芘、石油烃(C₁₀～C₄₀)、苯、硫化物、氨氮、耗氧量、硫酸盐、挥发酚和氯化物,一般特征污染物有钴、砷、镍、铍、铅、甲苯、1,2-二氯丙烷、乙苯、间/对-二甲苯、二苯并[a,h]蒽、氟化物、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐;本工作构建的特定场地特征污染物识别方法简捷有效、科学合理。     

生物泥浆技术修复多环芳烃污染土壤研究进展

生物泥浆技术作为一种污染土壤生物修复技术,具有修复效率高、修复时间短及修复成本低等优点。本文介绍了生物泥浆修复设备的结构及修复工艺流程,例举了生物泥浆技术修复多环芳烃（PAHs）污染土壤的典型案例,探讨了生物泥浆技术修复PAHs污染土壤效果的主要影响因素：PAHs理化性质、PAHs污染浓度和污染时间、微生物、泥浆水土比、电子受体、传质过程等。展望了生物泥浆技术未来的发展方向：通过分子生物学工具监控、调节生物修复,促进泥浆内部微生物群落活动,有针对性地提高微生物对PAHs的修复能力。     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中重金属含量

本文采用石墨电热消解法和电热板消解法处理土壤样品,用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中铜、锌、铅、镍、铬的含量。铜、锌、铅、镍、铬测定结果的相对标准偏差在2%～7%,标准样品测定结果在标准值±10%以内。     

Dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil in a greenhouse

The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil was investigated in the summer and autumn in a greenhouse and field, respectively. The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-grown soil was comparatively described by fitting the residue data to seven models （lst-order, 1.5th-order, 2nd-order, RF lst-order, RF 1.5th-order, RF 2nd-order, and bi-exponential or two-compartment models）. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 11.5 statistical package. The bi-exponential model was selected as the optimal model according to the coefficient of determination r^2. The dissipation half-lives （DT50） of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil at the recommended dose in the summer and autumn, calculated by the bi-exponential model, were 0.6 and 1.2 d in a greenhouse, 0.4 and 1.0 d in a field, respectively; the corresponding values at double dose were 1.2 and 2.1 d in a greenhouse, 0.5 and 1.3 d in a field, respectively. The kinetic data indicate the dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-grown soil in a greenhouse is slower than that in a field, and dissipates slower in the autumn than in the summer.     

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in three weed rhizospheres

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on weed rhizospheres are still vague. The quantitative and diversity changes and metabolic responses of soil-bacterial communities in common dandelion （Taraxacum officinale）, jerusalem artichoke （Silphiurn perfoliatum L.） and evening primrose （A colypha australis L.） rhizospheric soils were thus examined using the method of carbon source utilization. The results indicated that there were various toxic effects of crude oil residues on the growth and reproduction of soil bacteria, but the weed rhizospheres could mitigate the toxic effects. Total heterotrophic counting colony-forming units （CFUs） in the rhizospheric soils were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizospheric soils. The culturable soil-bacterial CFUs in the jerusalem artichoke （S. perfoliatum） rhizosphere polluted with 0.50 kg/pot of crude oil residues were almost twice as much as those with 0.25 kg/pot and without the addition of crude oil residues. The addition of crude oil residues increased the difference in substrate evenness, substrate richness, and substrate diversity between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of T. officinale and A. australis, but there was no significant （p〉0.05） difference in the Shannon＇s diversity index between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of S. perfoliatum. The rhizospheric response of weed species to crude oil residues suggested that S. perfoliatum may be a potential weed species for the effective plant-microorganism bioremediation of contaminated soils by crude oil residues.     

鄂西长江小流域土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

探究土地利用方式对长江中游小流域土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,为鄂西地区土地合理利用与管理以及土壤结构改良提供借鉴.以下牢溪小流域5种不同土地利用方式(柏树林、蔬菜地、石坎农田、撂荒地、天然林)土壤为研究对象,对比分析各土地利用方式间土壤团聚体粒径组成及稳定性差异.结果 表明:(1)柏树林、石坎农田、撂荒地和天然林土壤团聚体以＞2 mm为优势粒级,平均为57.66％,蔬菜地以＜0.25 mm微粒径团聚体为主,均值为60.86％;(2)林地(柏树林和天然林)土壤稳定性和抗蚀性要优于农用地(石坎农田和蔬菜地),耕地撂荒提升团聚体稳定性;(3)分形维数D与破坏率PAD、可蚀性K呈正相关,与团聚体直径(MWD和GMD)和水稳性大团聚体WR0.25呈负相关,分形维数较好反映小流域土壤团聚体的稳定性和抗侵蚀性.对流域内林区的封育是提升土壤结构稳定性的最优管理方式.