土壤环境污染及监测技术发展研究

在社会经济不断发展的背景下,或多或少存在环境污染的问题,土壤环境污染是其中之一。土壤环境作为国家环境中重要的组成部分,关系到整个大环境的循环和发展,做好土壤环境监测,有助于及时获取土壤环境污染信息,研究土壤环境污染监测技术,有助于对相关污染进行提前预防。基于此,本文结合相关资料,立足土壤环境污染的类型,对土壤环境污染监测在应用中的主要技术和应用要点进行阐述,以期为相关工作提供参考。     

Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some agricultural, industrial and urban areas along Xiamen coastal waters, China

An intensive investigation was conducted to study the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）, to show firstly the level of pollution in the agricultural areas and analyses specifically the status of soil polluted by these persistent pollutants in some locations of Xiamen region. Soil samples collected from Jiulong agricultural catchment have been analysed for 16 PAH compounds, using gas chromatography flame ionization detection in order to determine the level of selected PAH components and to identify the factors that may control their distribution and persistence in the area. The main PAHs found in soil samples were the low molecular weight. The total PAHs detected in soil samples ranged from 0.50 to 0.95 μg/g soil. The highest values of PAHs were significantly detected in the orange tree leaves, which range from 236.1 to 249.3 μg/g soil showing recent atmospheric inputs of these volatile pollutants. The distribution of PAHs in vegetable were monitored and indicating that the concentration were high and ranged from 8.24 to 58.87 μg/g. Other sediment samples were also collected and analysed from urban sewage （5.26 μg/g dw）, aquacultural （0.52 μg/g dw） and industrial areas （from 0.62 to 2.09 μg/g dw）, during this investigation. The contamination of Jiulong river estuary and Xiamen Western Sea by PAHs has been then widely justified by wastcwatcr discharges and soil runoffs from these areas. The results, therefore, provide important information on the current contamination status caused by the atmospheric transport and point to the need for urgent actions to stop the release of these hydrocarbons to the environment. The necessity of implementing systematic monitoring of PAHs is also emphasized.     

Isolation, characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a bacterial strain capable of degrading acetamiprid

An aerobic bacterium, capable of degrading the new chloronicotine pesticide acetamiprid, was isolated from the sludge of pesticide factory after successive enrichment cultures and named strain FH2 which is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, obligate aerobic org     

基于保护生态的土壤基准值制订关键技术研究——以美国和澳大利亚为例

土壤环境基准是土壤环境质量标准制修订、土壤环境质量评价和监管的重要科学依据.笔者选取美国和澳大利亚基于保护生态的土壤基准制订中的关键技术进行深入讨论,从两国的制订策略和关键推导方法等方面进行详细阐述,比对了两国的基准值制订技术要点.结果表明,两国的土壤基准名称、保护对象和毒理数据处理措施等存在差异,这与各国的具体制定策...     

土壤微塑料对微生物及温室气体排放影响研究进展

由于塑料制品被大量使用,微塑料已广泛存在于土壤环境中,因其具有尺寸小、难降解、可随食物链转移等特性,已成为近年来国内外研究的热点。基于已有研究,讨论了微塑料通过改变土壤理化性质、微生物酶活性和基因功能等方式影响微生物多样性和群落组成以及微塑料降解和代谢活性,并针对土壤微塑料影响CO₂、N₂O和CH₄这3种典型温室气体排放的效应进行详细论述。在综合现有研究进展后针对土壤温室气体排放机制、不同微塑料种类造成的影响、进一步加强实际土壤条件下微塑料认知等方面进行讨论。     

干旱区土壤小麦根系界面Cd行为的环境影响研究——以甘肃省白银市区耕作灰钙土为例

通过大田环境-土壤-作物系统Cd行为的环境影响研究,初步发现,共存元素Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn对Cd元素在土壤-作物根系界面行为的影响表现为正效应,其影响顺序为Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn>Ni;pH值、粘粒、粗粉粒含量与根系Cd含量呈负相关;磷和砂粒含量与根系Cd含量呈正相关;细粉粒、粗粘粒、有机质和CEC     

无污染农产品对土壤铅环境质量标准要求的变化——个案研究

研究了江苏南通某乡镇土壤铅的污染以及水稻对土壤铅的吸收。结果表明,研究区土壤与稻米铅污染严重。通过盆栽实验建立了水稻对铅的吸收积累及评估模型,提出了符合该地区大米安全生产的土壤铅临界含量值,为土壤铅环境质量标准的研究提供了参考实例。同时结合国内外环境质量标准的对比,提出无污染农产品对土壤铅环境质量标准要求的变化,建议制/修订土壤铅环境质量标准值。土壤环境二级标准值由现行的250～350mg/kg改为80mg/kg。     

中国土壤环境调查、评价与监测

介绍了近半个多世纪以来中国土壤环境调查情况,对20世纪50年代、80年代全国土壤调查情况进行了描述,阐述了2006年以来全国土壤污染状况调查情况。结合土壤环境现状、土壤监测与评价存在的问题,对未来中国土壤监测规划进行了展望。提出了确定土壤环境监测国控点,构建国家土壤环境监测网,落实土壤环境例行监测的监测思路,以进一步推进土壤环境监测和保护。     

等斜率灰色聚类法与化工区土壤环境质量评价

等斜率灰色聚类法以等斜率方式构造白化函数,拓展了各类白化函数的污染范围,并引入修正系数概念,使污染级别分级值对相邻两类级别具有相同的亲疏关系,避免了误判现象的发生。该法分辨率高,信息利用率也高,评价结果能同时给出评价对象所属的污染级别和各评价对象污染程度的大小,是较为科学合理的新的综合评价方法。