Understanding the sources and composition of the incremental excess of fine particles across multiple sampling locations in one air shed

Well-designed health studies and the development of effective regulatory policies need to rely on an understanding of the incremental differences in particulate matter concentrations and their sources. Although only a limited number of studies have been conducted to examine spatial differences in sources to particulate matter within an air shed, routine monitoring data can be used to better understand these differences. Measurements from the US EPA Chemical Speciation Network （CSN） collected between 2002-2008 were analyzed to demonstrate the utility of regulatory data across three sites located within 100 km of each other. Trends in concentrations, source contribution, and incremental excesses across three sites were investigated using the Positive Matrix Factorization model. Similar yearly trends in chemical composition were observed across all sites, however, excesses of organic matter and elemental carbon were observed in the urban center that originated from local emissions of mobile sources and biomass buming. Secondary sulfate and secondary nitrate constituted over half of the PM2.5 with no spatial differences observed across sites. For these components, the excess of emissions from industrial sources could be directly quantified. This study demonstrates that CSN data from multiple sites can be successfully used to derive consistent source profiles and source contributions for regional pollution, and that CSN data can be used to quantify incremental differences in source contributions of across these sites. The analysis strategy can be used in other regions of the world to take advantage of existing ambient particulate matter monitoring data to better the understanding of spatial differences in source contributions within a given air shed.     

Characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosol and sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles in Shanghai

Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium(SNA) are the dominant species in secondary inorganic aerosol, and are considered an important factor in regional haze formation. Size-fractionated aerosol particles for a whole year were collected to study the size distribution of SNA as well as their chemical species in Shanghai. SNA mainly accumulated in fine particles and the highest average ratio of SNA to particulate matter(PM) was observed to be 47% in the fine size fraction(0.49–0.95 μm). Higher sulfur oxidation ratio and nitrogen oxidation ratio values were observed in PM of fine size less than 0.95 μm. Ion balance calculations indicated that more secondary sulfate and nitrate would be generated in PM of fine size(0.49–0.95 μm). Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) spectra of typical samples were analyzed. Results revealed that sulfur mainly existed as sulfate with a proportion(atomic basis) more than 73% in all size of PM and even higher at 90% in fine particles. Sulfate mainly existed as(NH4)2SO4 and gypsum in PM of Shanghai. Compared to non-haze days, a dramatic increase of(NH4)2SO4 content was found in fine particles on haze days only, which suggested the promoting impact of(NH4)2SO4 on haze formation. According to the result of air mass backward trajectory analysis, more(NH4)2SO4 would be generated during the periods of air mass stagnation. Based on XANES, analysis of sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles can be an effective way to evaluate the impact of sulfate aerosols on regional haze formation.     

集体经济的监管困境与基层选举差异——以东部地区为例

同是东部经济发达村庄,同样村集体经济发达,苏南、珠三角及浙江农村的村庄选举秩序却差异较大。研究发现,集体资产管理中的代理人监督问题是东部基层选举秩序差异的关键变量。制度设计上,集体资产管理制度中内含代理人监督困境。这给村干部身份预留利益空间,易引发选举竞争。苏南农村的集体资产分配中嵌入了乡镇监督,村干部开支—上级审核,代理人被监控起来,获利空间缺乏,村庄选举竞争不激烈;珠三角农村的集体资产分配中嵌入了村民监督,村干部开支—群众审议,代理人处于监督之中,获利空间透明,村庄选举竞争不激烈;浙江农村的集体资产分配中缺乏监督,村干部开支—村干部审议,代理人缺乏监控,获利空间具备,村庄选举竞争激烈。获利空间是刺激农户主动参与村庄选举的原因。一旦利益减弱,群众选举热情就会下降,基层民主政治就会面临一致性的弱竞争困境。     

中国水资源利用效率区域差异分析

中国水资源问题的核心是利用效率问题。由于区域自然条件、社会经济条件、水资源利用方式等诸多变量的不同，中国水资源利用效率表现出了明显的区域差异特征。研究探讨水资源利用效率区域差异是解决中国水资源短缺问题的一个重要的可能途径。也是建立节水型社会、统筹区域发展、落实科学发展观的基本要求。通过实证研究，我们发现：中国中、西部地区的水资源利用效率收敛趋势明显，而东部地区不存在收敛趋势：经济发达的东部地区水资源利用效率较高，经济欠发达的中、西部地区水资源利用效率较低。导致中国水资源利用效率存在区域差异的最重要因素是地区经济发展水平的差异。对此，需要采取一系列政策措施来缩小这种区域差异状况。     

新丝路经济带沿线地区水效率研究

新丝绸之路经济带是我国"一带一路"发展战略的重要布局内容之一,沿线涉及中亚、南亚等多个国家和地区以及我国多个省份,水资源短缺和水环境质量下降是这些地区当前面临的主要环境问题之一,也是新丝路经济带建设发展面临的非传统因素之一。为此,文章以"一带一路"规划中重点涉及的东北、西北和西南地区12个省份为例,运用随机前沿分析方法(SFA),将人均资源拥有量、用水总量和废水排放总量等因素纳入到模型分析中,估算这些地区从2000~2013年的水效率,结果显示,新丝路经济带沿线12省水效率地区差异明显,进而提出这些省份在新丝路经济带建设中应该采取的节水减排施,为这些省份在新丝路经济带战略定位和发展提供参考。     

工业化、城市化对耕地数量变化影响差异分析

工业化、城市化进程对耕地资源数量变化产生了重要影响，但工业化、城市化对耕地资源数量的影响机制存在差异。以1990~2005年江苏省数据为基础，通过建立向量自回归模型，运用脉冲响应函数和方差分解方法，分析了工业化、城市化对耕地数量变动率影响的差异。结果表明，耕地数量变动率、工业化水平和城市化水平均呈非平稳变动趋势，但工业化、城市化对耕地数量变动率的作用方向不同，工业化对耕地数量变动率产生负效应，城市化则产生正效应。同时，城市化对耕地数量变化的影响大于工业化带来的影响，并且城市化的影响比工业化的影响更为持久。这意味着，〖JP2〗江苏省工业化和城市化快速增长时期，城市化是耕地数量变化的首要原因。因此，在当前江苏省工业化与城市化非平衡发展的情况下，合理控制城市化进程，提高城市化质量，对于耕地保护具有积极意义。〖     

浅谈初中物理课堂教学中的分层教学

初中物理课程标准要求,物理教师要关注学生的个体差异,要根据教学目标、内容、对象灵活采用多种教学方式。教师可以通过学生分层、目标分层、施教分层、练习分层、作业分层、评价分层等途径实施物理分层教学策略,进而充分调动不同层次学生学习的积极性,优化教学过程,大幅度提高学生的学习成绩。     

长江三角洲农业发展的地域差异研究

长江三角洲地处以上海为中心的经济发展区,是我国经济实力最强、产业规模最大的三角洲,具有良好的自然、社会、人文和区位条件,农业发展水平居全国前列。但是经济发展和高密度人口也给农业进一步发展带来沉重的压力,人地矛盾和人粮矛盾加剧严重危害了长江三角洲农业的可持续发展,同时全区农业发展水平受到自然、经济和历史因素的影响,存在较大的地域差异。从长江三角洲农业发展的地域差异出发,选取与农业发展密切相关的经济、     

中国履行《生物多样性公约》的进展

为了认真履行《生物多样性公约》,中国政府成立了有20多个部门参加的“履约”工作协调组,制定和颁布了有关法律法规20多项,建立了各类自然保护区1551个,并开展了形式多样的“履约”宣传教育活动。但同时也指出了中国当前自然生态环境形势的严峻性及其问题所在,指明了我国保护生物多样性公约有待加强的一些主要工作。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠和古尔班通古特沙漠植被的差异初探

塔克拉玛干沙漠和古尔班通古特沙漠是中国的两片大沙漠，均处于温带气候带内。前者座落于新疆南部的暖温带亚带内，以干燥、裸露、流动性强、生态系统极其脆弱为特征；后者位于新疆北部的中温带亚带内，气候相对稍湿润、植被较发育，固定半固定的沙漠生态系统是其最显著的景观特点。生态环境的不同，必然反映出植物区系和植被的若干差异。因而，对两片沙漠自然资源的利用原则、生态环境的治理途径和保护措施等方面也应有所区异。