杂食性鱼类排泄物中藻类光能活性研究

借助叶绿素荧光技术,通过对杂食性鱼类鲫鱼(Crucian Carp)和金鲫鱼(Gold Crucian Carp)摄食微囊藻(Microcysis aeruginosa)后排泄物的培养,从鱼类排泄物藻类叶绿素荧光活性的角度探讨了杂食性鱼类在控藻上的应用.结果表明,鱼类摄食对微囊藻生长及叶绿素荧光参数均有显著影响(P<0.05).鲫鱼组的叶绿素荧光参数ΦPSII从第3d开始,Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、ETR和qP从第5d开始随培养时间的延长而增加,而NPQ始终呈下降趋势.金鲫鱼组的叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、ETR、qP)在培养期间一直呈降低趋势.鲫鱼组的Chl a浓度与细胞密度在培养期间先下降再上升,最后恢复至对照组水平,且Chl a浓度同部分叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、ΦPSII)呈现极显著正相关(P<0.01);金鲫鱼组的Chl a浓度与细胞密度于实验期间均下降,实验期间一直低于对照组,且两参数均与叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、ETR、qP)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01).可见,微囊藻经鲫鱼摄食后,其叶绿素光合及生长活性经过短暂的下降后会逐渐恢复,而金鲫鱼可有效降低微囊藻活性,但金鲫鱼作为一种观赏鱼类,不适宜在大面积水体放养.     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定鸡排泄物中总砷的方法研究（Study on the Determination Method of Total Arsenic in Fowl Dung by Microwave Digestion-Atomic and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry）

建立检测鸡排泄物中总砷含量的微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法.使用硝酸镁和硝酸钯混合溶液作为基体改进剂,在灰化温度1200℃、原子化温度2400℃条件下,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定鸡排泄物中的总砷含量.结果表明,总砷浓度在0～100ng·mL-1范围内符合郎伯-比尔定律,线性回归方程为Y=0.0013X+0.0098,决定系数0.9976,方法的回收率为98.8%～101.9%,精密度为2.81%,检出限为0.100mg·kg-1.     

英国首辆生物公交运营

当地时间11月20日,英国首辆“生物公交车”投入运营,如果有机会乘坐这辆由巴斯开往布里斯托机场的公共汽车,感觉会有些许不同,因为没准你能自己就为它直接提供过动力资源。据英国卫报报道,“生物公交”的动力完全来自于人类的排泄物和食物垃圾,通过处理污水和废弃食物而成的生物甲烷气体,每一罐可供车辆行驶186英里,相当于5个人一年总共产生的排泄物。     

堆肥式生态厕所处理人类排泄物变化规律研究

选用秸秆和木屑的混合物作为生态厕所反应基质,采用日本研制生产的s-15型生态厕所为实验装置,通过好氧微生物的氧化分解,将粪便转化为无臭味的水、二氧化碳和较干燥的有机肥.实验模拟实际生活,通过5～6人正常使用方式投加物料,旨在研究生态厕所在现实生活中处理人类排泄物的变化规律.通过分析实验过程中的物料投加量、使用周期、温度、含水率等指标的变化.发现生态厕所使用的第5～12周,温度在50℃左右,含水率稳定在50%～60%之间时生态厕所减量化效果最为理想.     

Persistence and growth of faecal culturable bacterial indicators in water column and sediments of Vidy Bay, Lake Geneva, Switzerland

The aims of this study was to investigate the persistence and the growth of culturable bacterial indicators (CBI) including total coliforms (TC) and faecal coliforms represented by Escherichia coli, enterococcus (ENT), and aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB) in the surface sediments and the water column of Vidy Bay (Lake Geneva, City of Lausanne, Switzerland). The study was carried out for 60 d using microcosms containing Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) e uent and nonsterile water without CBI, as well as contaminated and non-contaminated sediments. The e ects of water temperature and of organic matter associated with sediments on the survival of CBI in the sediments and the water column were observed. The number of CBI colonies in the contaminated sediments of Vidy Bay and in the STP e uent was almost identical in the order of 105–107, 104–106, 103–105, and 104–107 CFU/100 g sediment or /100 mL water for TC, E. coli, ENT, and AMB respectively. A degradation of CBI was observed in the sediments where organic mater content was low and in the water column at a temperature of 10°C after 5 d of experimentation. In addition, a growth of CBI was observed in the sediment which is rich in organic matter at 20°C. The results of this study indicate: (1) the higher concentrations of the CBI observed in di erent points in the water column of Vidy Bay may not be explained only by the recent contribution of the three potential sources of the Bay contamination including STP and the Chamberonne and Flon Rivers, but also by the persistence, removal from sediment and multiplication of CBI in the sediment and water column; (2) the sediment of Vidy Bay constitute a reservoir of CBI and can even support their growth; and (3) the CBI not only survive in sediments, but also can be remobilized and increased in the water column, therefore, it become a permanent microbiological pollution in Vidy Bay.     

水葫芦加动物排泄物两相厌氧生物处置工艺

水葫芦加动物排泄物两相厌氧生物处置,每1 kg鲜水葫芦乎均产气量为330 L,为水葫芦直接两相厌氧处理的3.4倍左右。气体中甲烷含量为74%左右,系统出水COD在150～235mg/L之间,SS在40mg/L左右。在系统稳定运行过程中,产酸相处于乙酸化状态。该工艺启动期短,有效地克服了现有沼气发酵池运行过程中所存的浮泥、污泥结块等现象,提高了有机物的厌氧产气率和工艺运行的稳定性,具有较大的实用价值。      

鲴对食微囊藻鲢鳙排泄物及藻活性的作用研究

开展室内模拟实验,研究鲢、鳙和鲴不同混养系统中排泄物的量及微囊藻活性的变化.实验设置鲢鳙组合,鲢鳙鲴组合以及对照组,其中鲢鳙生物量放养比例为3：1,鲢鳙鲴组合中生物量放养比例为3：1：1,实验周期14d.结果显示,鲢鳙组和鲢鳙鲴组均能降低微囊藻密度,两组无显著差异（P>0.05）,但是均极显著小于对照组（P<0.01）.混养鲴鱼可以降低排泄物的量及微囊藻的被消化率,鲢鳙鲴组排泄物的量在第4d开始下降,实验结束时是鲢鳙组的16.08%.鲢鳙鲴组微囊藻的被消化率,第5d后快速增长,至实验结束达到85.9%,极显著高于鲢鳙组（P<0.01）.鲢鳙组和鲢鳙鲴组排泄物中的氨基酸和总氮含量相比未被摄食微囊藻减少率分别为33.17%、53.62%和34.97%、54.27%.鲢鳙鲴组和鲢鳙组排泄物光能活性（Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Yeld、qP及NPQ表示）和生长活性差异（EPS、Chla表示）较大,鲢鳙组微囊藻叶绿素荧光参数（除NPQ外）值经过短暂的下降后开始增长,而鲢鳙鲴组Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Yeld及qP在培养过程中下降显著,且至第5d后叶绿素荧光参数（除NPQ外）均极显著低于鲢鳙组（P<0.01）.鲢鳙鲴组NPQ呈上升的趋势,且第7d后极显著高于鲢鳙组（P<0.01）.在排泄物培养期间,鲢鳙鲴组排泄物中微囊藻的胞外多糖（EPS）含量、叶绿素a（Chl a）浓度不断下降,至实验结束极显著低于鲢鳙组（P<0.01）.结果表明,在鲢鳙控藻的基础上,混养鲴鱼可以减少鲢鳙摄食微囊藻后的排泄物,同时降低排泄物中微囊藻活性,减少了因鲢鳙排泄物引起的水环境污染和生态影响.     

基于产污观点的人体排泄试验

采用巢式设计进行了人体排泄试验,着重考察了影响污染物排泄系数的若干相关因素. 结果表明:TN和TP的排泄系数比COD_Cr和BOD₅要高得多,反映了人体对氮、磷元素的吸收率较低,说明摄入相同数量的“污染物”,人体粪尿排泄物中氮、磷排泄量较多;除COD_Cr外,其他污染物的排泄系数均是女性明显高于男性(P<0.05),这可能与男女之间的体质量、消化能力以及体力消耗等差异有关;膳食结构与食物搭配也是影响污染物排泄系数的重要因素,这可能与不同种类的食物中表征的COD_Cr,BOD₅,TP和TN指标及其存在形式有关,因此应关注膳食结构的变迁所引发的潜在的环境问题.