低温等离子体治理柴油机尾气污染的研究进展

柴油发动机以其良好的燃油经济性和动力学特性得到广泛应用,但是其尾气排放中的氮氧化物有害气体和难以分解的微粒物含量较多,造成了严重环境污染。目前,研究开发中的柴油机尾气后处理技术,如还原催化转化、氧化催化转化和微粒捕集等,存在催化剂价格昂贵、催化活性低、有效温度范围小和捕集器保持清洁状态困难等不足。国内外大量的研究结果证明,基于气体放电的低温等离子体技术能有效降低柴油机尾气污染物排放,且无二次污染。本文通过低温等离子体的产生,柴油机尾气中的氮氧化物和微粒物的净化,综合介绍了低温等离子体净化柴油机尾气技术的研究进展,针对当前研究中存在的问题,论述了今后的发展趋势。     

怎样预防雷电

雷电是云与云之间、云内以及云与地面之间的一种大气放电现象。对人类生命威胁最大的是云地闪电。这种闪电多呈枝状,当它闪击到地面时,就好像投石人湖掀起水波一样,会在相当范围内形成一个由中心往四周电压逐渐降低的电场。当人的腿一前一后站在这一电场中,强大的电流就会从高电位的脚端通过全身流向低电位的脚端,从而造成触电死亡,这就是人们所说的“火龙抽筋”。我国地处温带亚热带地区,强对流天气活动十分频繁,是全球雷暴多发地区。     

等离子体耦合Ce改性的复合型催化剂去除氮氧化物研究

为开发一种在大气污染物条件下可以复合催化氮氧化物的自制锯板脉冲放电反应器,同时为进一步制备高性能催化剂研究提供试验依据,采用脉冲放电耦合复合型催化剂对NOx进行去除试验.通过分步浸渍法制备一系列催化剂,研究脉冲放电耦合不同活性组分催化剂的脱硝效果,其中重点研究Fe掺杂及其不同掺杂量下制备的Fe/5A催化剂对NO转化率的影响.此外,进一步对Fe/5A催化剂掺杂适量Ce进行改性,进而制备复合型Ce-Fe/5A催化剂.通过XRD、SEM对催化剂进行相关性能表征.结果表明,Fe/5A催化剂活性在Cu/5 A,Mn/5 A,Cr/5A催化剂中最优,且当Fe掺杂的质量分数为8％时,单组分Fe/5A分子筛活性最好.掺杂一定量Ce后的Ce-Fe/5A催化剂表面更光滑,微孔增多,比表面积增大,被覆盖的不饱和金属配位点更易暴露以增加反应所需的活性点位,进而促进催化反应的有效进行,加强对NOx的脱除.当Ce掺杂的质量分数为3％时,Ce-Fe/5A催化剂对NO转化率效果最佳.由于脉冲放电可以改变催化剂的晶形和结构,因此Ce-Fe/5A催化剂耦合脉冲放电可以显著提高脱硝效率,其中添加还原性气体C2H2后效果更佳,且随着电压的增加,Ce-Fe/5A催化剂脱硝效果整体呈上升趋势.     

云地闪电放电参量估算研究

对地闪放电参量的估算主要是利用雷电电磁场与电流的关系,通过一定的通道模型从观测到的电磁场数据来反演得到回击电流峰值等特征量。当观测距离远大于通道高度时,利用回击天线模型与随高度指数衰减的传输线电流模型（MTL）相结合得到远场近似公式;当观测距离较近时,利用“先导-回击模型”得到近场近似公式。并分别估算了回击电流峰值与回击中和的电荷量等放电参量,得到与实测数据相一致的结果．说明了近似公式的可靠性．     

滑动弧等离子体降解印染废水的影响研究

在电压为10kV,载气为O2,气体流速为0.4m3/h,废水流量为20mL/min,电极为不锈钢材料,电极间最窄距离处为3.5mm的条件下,采用气液滑动弧等离子体降解印染废水。结果表明:印染废水pH值为偏碱性和碱性时,CO32-分别主要以HCO3-、CO32-的形式存在,使COD的去除率降低,20min后,其值分别为76.42%和64.36%;pH值呈强酸性时,CO32-主要以H2CO3和CO2的形式存在,对COD的去除率不产生影响,20min后,其值达到92%。印染废水pH值为偏碱性和碱性时,HCO3-和CO32-的存在消耗了等离子体放电产生的羟基自由基。pH=3时,研究了印染废水的COD和TOC的降解动力学,降解符合一级动力学规律,其速率方程分别为ln(COD0/COD)=0.13090t,ln(TOC0/TOC)=0.06395t。印染废水的紫外光谱和红外光谱表明,废水中的发色基团被破坏,溶液脱色,吸收峰降低或消失表明废水中芳香环降解。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定土壤铜锌锰镍铬钒全钾

用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定土壤元素,并优化了测定条件。结果表明:该方法检出限低,准确度高,精密度好。     

应用消毒剂建立宿轮虫的无菌培养系

以污水生物处理中一种常见的有益微型动物——宿轮虫为对象,进行了应用消毒剂建立宿轮虫的无菌培养系的方法学研究.在对消毒剂次氯酸钠、甲醛及PreventolD7分别作用下的轮虫培养液中宿轮虫卵的孵化率和细菌密度变化趋势分析的基础上,建立了以确保较高的卵孵化率为前提、通过多次的抑菌培养轮虫、使培养液中细菌数量逐渐减少直至消亡、最终获得无菌轮虫的方法,即逐渐减菌方法.该方法与传统的一次性灭菌方法相比,克服了传统方法在轮虫存活率很低的条件下进行无菌化的缺点,因此,可降低对消毒条件的严格要求并提高了成功率.运用逐渐灭菌方法,为确保约50%的卵孵化率,分别使用40μL·L-1甲醛和4μL·L-1 PreventolD7进行48h抑菌培养,经过4次对宿轮虫的抑菌培养,均获得了无菌的宿轮虫种群.实验结果表明,无菌化宿轮虫种群的繁殖速度与未经无菌化的宿轮虫种群相当.     

低温等离子体烟气脱硫脱硝技术的研究进展

低温等离子体烟气处理技术具有工艺简单、可同时去除多种污染物、占地面积小等优点,是目前烟气处理技术的研究热点之一。主要介绍了研究规模最大的3种低温等离子体烟气处理技术（电子束、脉冲等离子体、直流电晕等离子体）的发展历程和现状,分析了其优点及存在的问题,并简要讨论了其发展方向。     

Characteristics of emissive spectrum and the removal of nitric oxide in N2/O2/NO plasma with argon additive

Although the approach using non-thermal plasma (NTP) for deNOx has been studied for over 15 years, how to achieve higher removal e ciency with lower cost is still a barrier for its industrial application. In order to investigate the impact of the argon additive on electron density, energy and nitric oxide reduction process in plasma, the spectrum of the dielectric barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure in a coaxial reactor was measured using the monochromater with high resolution. The comparative experiments for NO reduction were carried out simultaneously in N2/O2/NO plasma stream with and without argon, respectively. The nitrogen molecular spectrum which is attributed to the energy level transition (C3 u ! B3 g) was compared in the wavelength range 300–480 nm and the electron density and temperature were determined based on the relative intensities and Stark broadening width of spectral lines. The spectrum results indicated that the argon additive could enhance the intensity of emissive spectrum of plasma, thus the electron concentration as well as the energy was increased, and finally prompted the ionization rate to produce active N, O and O3. The results of NO reduction showed that NO conversion e ciency increased in the range of 10%–30% with 5% addition of argon in stream comparing with the condition without argon additive. This study will play a positive role in the industrial application of dielectric barrier discharge deNOx reactor.     

Preparation of nanoparticles with an environment-friendly approach

Developing various approaches for preparing high performance materials has long been topics and tasks both for scientists and for engineers.Despite that many methods have been developed for preparing nanomaterials,developing simple and environment-friendly ways for preparing nanomaterials is very attractive.A simple approach of synthesizing Fe3O4 nanoparticles by arc-discharge submerging in water was reported.The results showed that by this method Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be synthesized in large scale.The as-prepared Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibit uniform spherical shape and their diameters varied with arc-discharging parameters.The experimental results showed that the size of the synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be controlled through adjusting the processing parameters.Since no vacuum system has been used,the synthesizing process is greatly simplified.In addition,only cheap deionized water and industrial iron bar are used and no pollution or harmful by-products are found in the synthesis process.It indicated that the present approach is a simple,low-cost and environment-friendly for preparing nanoparticles.