Soil water characteristics in mountain poplar stand and its benefits to soil and water conservation in loess hilly region

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Impacts of climate change on wheat development and production in the northern China

In this paper, impacts of climate change on wheat development rate and production in the northern China are discussed. The results show that the temperature is a controlling factor of development rate but the precipitation is not. The higher the temperature is. the faster the development and the shorter development period will be. Without consideration to varieties and cropping system, meteorological yield of winter wheat would decrease 170.40, 134.25, 98.70 and 97.20 kg/hm2 in the north China and 13.97, 7.95, 39.60 and 19.80 kg/hm2 in the northwest China compared with that in 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, respectively, when the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is doubled. In drought and semi-drought regions, the spring wheat yield would drop with the temperature rise in and raise with the precipitation increase. The influence of temperature on weight of leaf and stalk is also remarkable.     

Petroleum waste biodegradation with porous biomass support system (PBSS) on rotating biological contactor

A laboratory scale study was conducted to assess the feasibility of the new coupling of rotating biological contactor (RBC) plus porous biomass support system (PBSS) using polyurethane foam as porous support media to biodegrade petroleum refinery wastewater. Polyurethane foam was attached on disks of two four-stage laboratory scale cascade connected RBC units.The two RBC units were operated simultaneously at different but constant, flowrates giving hydraulic loading rates of 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 m3/m2/d in two runs keeping the same rotational speed 10 r/min throughout. Organic loading was a less controllable factor in this study.For all of the hydraulic loadings, it was found that the removal efficiency of total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and oil were above 80 percent. Ammonia nitrogen and phenol removal were above 90 and 80 percent respectively. The maximum biomass concentration within polyurethane foam was about 30 g/m2 in the first stage for 0.03 m3/m2/d hydraulic loading.The results show that t     

Gas chromatographic separation and determination of chloroanthracene isomers on fly ash

An efficient, reproducible and rapid fused silica capillary column gas chromatographic method, in splitless mode, for analysing of the three chloroanthracene isomers is described. The method affords efficient separation and good linearity for each isomer in the range of 0.2 -200 μg/ml. The method can also be used in separation and determination of another thirty three aromatic and their halosubstituted compounds. This paper also presents the applications of the method in analysing of complex products mixture from reaction of the selected aromatic compounds with hydrogen chloride on fly ash surface from municipal incinerator.     

胜利原油对海洋鱼类胚胎及仔鱼的毒性效应

本文通过室内实验,研究了胜利原油对海洋经济鱼类的胚胎及仔鱼的毒性效应。原油可抑制胚胎的孵化,导致孵化仔鱼的畸形发育及大量死亡。原油影响真鲷、牙鲆及黑鲷胚胎畸化率的最低浓度分别为10,18及32mg·L~(-1)。温度升高加重原油的毒性。真鲷,牙鲆及黑鲷仔鱼的48hLC_(50)分别为 6.4,13.7和10.7mg·L~(-1)。牙鲆仔鱼及鰕虎鱼稚鱼的96hLC_(50)为1.6及 66.6mg·L~(-1)。原油对鱼类胚胎发育有明显的致畸作用,对此应给予足够的重视。     

UV/O3复合降解水中2,4-二氯酚的试验研究

以紫外光源为主要依托,变换反应器中的不同工艺条件,分别对紫外光、臭氧和紫外/臭氧三种不同于工艺条件对水中污染物2,4-二氯酚(2 ,4-DCP)的降解规律进行研究.结果表明,UV/O3复合对2,4-DCP的降解较UV、O3单独作用效果好;溶液的酸碱度影响UV/O3对2 ,4-DCP的降解;此外,溶液中含有细菌时,E. coli的杀灭效果仍表现为UV/O3＞O3＞UV.细菌的杀灭和2,4-DCP的降解均消耗羟基自由基,形成竞争反应,从而影响到2,4-DCP的降解效果.     

草浆次氯酸盐漂白过程中二噁英的变化

在实验室模拟了纸浆的工业次氯酸盐单段漂白过程,对该过程中二英(polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans,PCDD/Fs)的生成情况进行了研究,结果表明,次氯酸盐漂白过程中有少量PCDD/Fs生成,且产物以TCDF为主.在此基础上,研究了不同次氯酸钠用量和不同初始pH对PCDD/Fs的影响.结果显示,在较高次氯酸盐用量条件下PCDD/Fs浓度降低,说明高次氯酸钠用量对PCDD/Fs的生成有一定的抑制,或者对PCDD/Fs有降解作用;pH值对PCDD/Fs生成的影响主要表现在PCDD上,在中性和弱酸性条件下,高氯代PCDD的量有所增加,而TCDD减少.对草浆甲苯提取物和提取后纸浆次氯酸盐漂白产物对比发现,次氯酸盐漂白过程中PCDD/Fs的生成主要来源于可提取部分.因此,在工业次氯酸盐漂白过程中可以通过增加水洗次数的方法来减少漂白过程总有机氯化物的生成.     

泡沫铜气体扩散电极处理活性艳红废水

采用铜基泡沫材料作为阴极,并根据泡沫材料电阻小、强度高、孔隙多的特点设计气体扩散电极,开发了一套基于铜基泡沫材料的气体扩散电解废水处理方法.实验结果表明,该方法在电解电压仅为1.65 V时,120 min内原位生成14.29 mg·L-1的H2O2.采用该系统对活性艳红废水进行降解,结果表明其在电解电压为2 V时即可快速高效地降解活性艳红X-3B模拟染料废水,120 min内模拟废水色度去除率达96.19%,色度被快速消除.UV-Vis与LC-TOF MS检测结果表明,降解过程中,萘环、三嗪结构及较稳定的苯环均被同步快速降解.该方法所需降解电压较低,只有2 V,而普通电解方法通常需8—25 V,能耗显著下降.这种低电压气体扩散电极电解不仅极大地抑制了水的无效电解,由于产生了·OH,还能维持相对高的有效氧化还原电位,高效降解污染物,是一种高效低耗的电化学水处理方法.     

环境介质中三唑磷农药残留分析方法

正环境介质中三唑磷(TAP)残留量低以及提取物组分过于复杂,样品需要经过富集和净化等前处理过程才能进行液相或气相检测.液-液萃取-气相色谱分析小麦地中土壤和秸秆中TAP含量分别达到0.973和1.865 mg·kg-1,气相色谱分析柑桔土水中TAP浓度在1—10μg·L-1[1],液-液微萃取和高效液相色谱分析水和果汁中的TAP残留浓度也取得较高的灵敏度[2].与液-液萃取相比,固相萃取(SPE)技术具有操作简便快速、有机溶剂用量少,且能去除一些杂质等优点.本     

燃煤电厂产生和排放的PM2.5中水溶性离子特征

为了认识我国燃煤电厂一次PM2.5排放特征,并定量评估大规模开展烟气脱硫与脱硝对其影响,本研究选取了国内一个煤粉炉电厂和一个循环流化床电厂,对其产生和排放的PM2.5进行现场测试,并进行水溶性离子组分的分析.结果表明,在所测的这两个电厂中,循环流化床电厂产生的PM2.5的质量浓度高于煤粉炉电厂产生的PM2.5的质量浓度,但是这两个电厂排放的PM2.5的质量浓度相当.产生此结果的主要原因是该循环流化床电厂配备的电袋复合除尘器比煤粉炉电厂的普通电除尘器对PM2.5去除效率更高.煤粉炉电厂产生PM2.5中水溶性离子浓度低于循环流化床电厂,但是煤粉炉电厂排放PM2.5中水溶性离子浓度却远远高于循环流化床电厂,表明煤粉炉电厂排放的PM2.5受脱硫和脱硝设施的影响较大.煤粉炉烟气脱硝过程中可能形成硫酸雾,烟气中的部分硫酸雾和过剩的NH3反应生成NH4HSO4进入颗粒相,同时降低了PM2.5的p H值;而脱硫过程中脱硫液的夹带也会导致NH+4和SO2-4进入PM2.5.所以,虽然两个电厂产生的PM2.5中水溶性离子均以Ca2+和SO2-4为主,但煤粉炉排放PM2.5中的水溶性离子则以NH+4和SO2-4为主.