负载型纳米金属材料的最新研究进展

纳米金属材料因具有许多优异的特性,具有日益广阔的应用前景。负载型纳米金属相对于纯纳米金属材料具有稳定性高,易回收利用,无毒害性等优点,其制备和应用成为目前研究的热点之一。负载型纳米金属材料的制备方法很多,目前国内外学者通过大量的实验研究,总结出了一些比较成熟的,效果较理想的负载方法。因载体对负载方法的选择影响较大,文章着重介绍了以膨润土、活性炭、碳纳米管、氧化物和有机高分子类为载体的负载方法,引用国内外学者的实验成果,对制得的负载型纳米金属材料的形貌,粒径等特性进行描述。负载型纳米金属材料的应用广泛,着重描述了近年来其在环境治理和水生态保护方面的应用进展,对难降解的有机卤代物,有机染料和重金属以及硝酸盐类等的处理效果进行研究。最后提出了纳米金属材料在投入应用中应该解决的问题和展望。     

根际微生物对土壤有机物修复现状和发展

由于耕种需要、污灌、垃圾渗滤液、环境事故等原因大量的有机污染物进入土壤。因为良好的环境效益、社会效益和经济效益,利用植物修复有机物污染土壤已经成为国内外研究的重点和热点。在分析植物和根际微生物作用关系及其对有机物污染修复作用机理基础上,进一步探讨了植物和根际微生物对有机污染物的修复原理、修复效果和修复途径以及植物和根际微生物选择机理。最后根据目前研究的热点和土壤污染的特点,全面阐述了土壤有机物污染利用根际微生物进行修复的发展前景和发展趋势。     

东海赤潮生消期典型断面颗粒有机物的垂直分布特征及影响因素

依据2011年3~5月对东海赤潮高发区典型断面Za的8次调查资料,研究了该海域在赤潮生消期颗粒有机物的垂直分布特征及变化,并对其影响因素进行了初步探讨。结果表明,赤潮爆发前颗粒有机物浓度高值中心主要集中在近岸海区,主要受陆源输入和沉积物再悬浮的影响,外海受少量浮游植物活动影响出现次高值区。赤潮爆发期,颗粒有机物浓度的高值区由近岸转为外海,浮游植物的活动成为影响颗粒有机物分布的主要因素。垂直方向上,赤潮爆发前由于沉积物再悬浮的影响,底层出现最大值,表层次之,中层最低。而赤潮爆发期,由于浮游植物活动的影响,表中层最高,赤潮爆发前后颗粒有机物与叶绿素的含量整体上呈上升趋势。     

挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)治理进展及发展前沿思考

本文介绍了近年国内外在治理可挥发性有机化合物的研究进展,并对吸附与催化技术,低温等离子体-光催化技术等几种先进的处理技术最新发展作了较全面的综述,并对发展前景进行展望。     

南京北郊大气VOCs变化特征及来源解析

利用2011-03-01~2012-02-29南京北郊大气VOCs观测资料,对大气VOCs浓度变化特征和特征物比值差异展开研究,并应用PCA/APCS受体模型对不同季节VOCs来源进行了解析.结果表明,南京大气总VOCs体积混合比为43.52×10-9,其中烷烃占45.1%、烯烃占25.3%、炔烃占7.3%和芳香烃占22.3%.总VOCs体积混合比呈现夏季高,冬季低的季节变化.VOCs组分中烷烃在冬季最高,烯烃夏季最高,芳香烃春季最高,炔烃冬季最高.特征物比值(VOCs/乙炔)和T/B比值反映出观测点受周边工业区影响较大.VOCs源解析表明,主要来源来自工厂生产、机动车排放、燃料燃烧、生产活动挥发、溶剂使用和自然源.虽然有季节变化,但与工业生产活动相关的来源占大气VOCs 45%~63%,其次为机动车来源占34%~50%.     

Characteristics of ozone and ozone precursors (VOCs and NOx) around a petroleum refinery in Beijing, China

A field measurement campaign for ozone and ozone precursors(VOCs and NOx) was conducted in summer 2011 around a petroleum refinery in the Beijing rural region. Three observation sites were arranged, one at southwest of the refinery as the background, and two at northeast of the refinery as the downwind receptors. Monitoring data revealed the presence of serious surface O3 pollution with the characteristics of high average daily mean and maximum concentrations(64.0 and 145.4 ppbV in no-rain days, respectively) and multi-peak diurnal variation. For NOx, the average hourly concentrations of NO2 and NO were in the range of 20.5–46.1 and 1.8–6.4 ppbV, respectively. For VOC measurement, a total of 51 compounds were detected. Normally, TVOCs at the background site was only dozens of ppbC, while TVOCs at the downwind sites reached several hundreds of ppbC. By subtracting the VOC concentrations at background, chemical profiles of VOC emission from the refinery were obtained, mainly including alkanes(60.0% ± 4.3%), alkenes(21.1% ± 5.5%) and aromatics(18.9% ± 3.9%). Moreover, some differences in chemical profiles for the same measurement hours were observed between the downwind sites; the volume ratios of alkanes with low reactivity and those of alkenes with high reactivity respectively showed an increasing trend and a decreasing trend. Finally, based on temporal and spatial variations of VOC mixing ratios, their photochemical degradations and dispersion degradations were estimated to be 0.15–0.27 and 0.42–0.62, respectively, by the photochemical age calculation method, indicating stronger photochemical reactions around the refinery.     

岸边藤状灌木滞留污染物特征及对城市河道水质的影响

选用以迎春花作为岸边藤状灌木的典型代表,考察了其枝叶上黏附滞留的污染物特征及被雨水冲刷后对城市河道水质的影响。结果表明:夏季单位重量迎春花枝叶上7日滞留污染物中Zn、Cu、Pb的含量平均分别达到4.25,0.53,0.27mg/kg;氨氮和CODMn的含量最高分别达到8.95,277.75 mg/kg。用GC/MS对其挥发性和半挥发性有机物成分分析可知,岸边藤状灌木滞留的污染物对河道水质有长期的影响,两者有机物的组分相似。     

Simultaneous removal of dissolved organic matter and bromide from drinking water source by anion exchange resins for controlling disinfection by-products

Anion exchange resins （AERs） with different properties were evaluated for their ability to remove dissolved organic matter （DOM） and bromide, and to reduce disinfection by-product （DBP） formation potentials of water collected from a eutrophic surface water source in Japan. DOM and bromide were simultaneously removed by all selected AERs in batch adsorption experiments. A polyacrylic magnetic ion exchange resin （MIEX） showed faster dissolved organic carbon （DOC） removal than other AERs because it had the smallest resin bead size. Aromatic DOM fractions with molecular weight larger than 1600 Da and fluorescent organic fractions of fulvic acid- and humic acid-like compounds were efficiently removed by all AERs. Polystyrene AERs were more effective in bromide removal than polyacrylic AERs. This result implied that the properties of AERs, i.e. material and resin size, influenced not only DOM removal but also bromide removal efficiency, MIEX showed significant chlorinated DBP removal because it had the highest DOC removal within 30 rain, whereas polystyrene AERs efficiently removed brominated DBPs, especially brominated trihalomethane species. The results suggested that, depending on source water DOM and bromide concentration, selecting a suitable AER is a key factor in effective control of chlorinated and brominated DBPs in drinking water.     

Fenton氧化深度处理石化废水厂二级出水研究

采用连续流Fenton氧化对石化废水处理厂二级出水进行了处理试验,研究了药剂投量对COD及磷处理效果的影响,同时对处理过程中有机物的变化特性进行了分析.结果表明,原水COD平均为64.8 mg·L-1,PO3-4-P平均为0.79 mg·L-1,当H2O2(30%)投加量为0.4 m L·L-1,Fe SO4·7H2O的投加量为0.8 g·L-1,PAM投加量为0.9 mg·L-1,停留时间为30 min时,COD的平均去除率为24.3%,出水COD低于50 mg·L-1,PO3-4-P平均去除率为95.5%,原水中相对分子质量小于1×103的有机物占80.4%,Fenton氧化处理后该部分比例增加至95.6%.三维荧光分析结果表明,Fenton氧化对水中蛋白类、酚类去除效果显著.GC-MS结果表明,石化二级出水中检出主要有机物约117种,氧化后检出27种,含不饱和键类有机物去除明显.Fenton氧化可用于石化二级出水的深度处理.     

从分子质量的变化分析有机物对GAC吸附内分泌干扰物(BPA)的影响

从分子质量分布的角度研究了水中有机物对颗粒活性炭(GAC)吸附双酚A(BPA)容量及吸附速率的影响.结果表明,相对于以去离子水为本底的BPA溶液来说,GAC吸附以滤后水、臭氧后出水和原水为本底的BPA溶液的Langmuir模型的最大吸附容量q_m值分别下降了29.95%、43.56%和44.44%,而其拟二级动力学模型的k₂值分别下降了43.05%、49.75%和56.38%.相对分子质量3 000以上,尤其是10 000以上的有机物堵塞GAC的二级微孔;3 000以下,尤其是1 000以下的有机物与BPA分子之间存在直接的竞争吸附,是导致GAC对BPA的吸附容量以及吸附速率下降的主要原因.