浅析化工企业如何做好事故预防工作

化工企业存在易燃易爆、有毒有害等因素,危险无处不在,事故发生的频率较高,做好事故预防是避免或减少事故发生的有效途径。一、事故案例1.2006年5月21日,天空下着小雨,一辆原油运输罐车进入公司送原油。约在当时12时6分,停在检封签站台。此时,一职工从梯子蹬上该车车罐顶部检封签,在下梯子时不慎从梯子上跌落,当场休克昏迷。事后经劳动部门鉴定,伤残等级为九级。2.2010年10月23日下午2时左右,某职工在蒸馏车间空压站安装风管线过滤器时,因安装位置距地面2米左     

苯酚对两种微囊藻生长的作用效应

用不同浓度的苯酚处理无毒铜绿微囊藻和有毒铜绿微囊藻。结果显示不加苯酚处理时，有毒藻生长量明显高于无毒藻；100μg／mL的苯酚促进无毒藻生长而抑制有毒藻的生长；苯酚浓度增至200μg／mL，无毒藻的生长才受到抑制。高浓度苯酚胁迫下的藻细胞：光合速率大幅度降低；可溶性蛋白含量减少；细胞膜透性增大；超氧阴离子(O2^-)产生速率和丙二醛(MDA)相对含量升高；超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性降低。这些变化有毒藻较无毒藻更显著。表明：有毒微囊藻是水华中的优势种群；两种藻中有毒藻对苯酚的敏感性更大。     

有毒药物安全操作台防止空气污染作用分析

分析了9112－B型有毒药物安全操作台的污染物去除效率，得出了该操作平台避免了有毒药物对操作者的侵害，减少了有毒药物对环境污染的结论。     

微界面理论及模式在环境水质学中的应用

介绍了微界面理论的核心内容及其在有机有毒化学品、悬浮沉积物、水处理药剂等环境水质学中的应用。     

有毒物质事故泄漏对河流污染的数学模拟

通过对有毒物质事故泄漏行为的数学模拟分析，提出了一种计算有毒物质河流断面超标风险率的方法，并通过实例模拟分析，探讨了在一定条件下，即为确保饮用水质的安全，把超标风险率控制在一定范围内，应采取的措施。     

Concentrations and chemical forms of potentially toxic metals in road-deposited sediments from different zones of Hangzhou, China

The 25 road-deposited sediments were collected from five different land-use zones (industrial, residential, commercial, park, and countryside) in Hangzhou, China. The concentrations of metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in these samples were determined using the ICP-AES after digestion with the mixture of HNO3-HF-HCl (aqua regia), and chemically fractionated using the modified BCR (the European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. The highest metal concentration level was detected in the sample from industrial zone and commercial zone having heavy traffic. While the lowest metal level was noted in the street dust sample from residential zone, park, and countryside zone. The mobility sequence based on the sum of the BCR sequential extraction stages was: Zn (80.28%), Pb (78.68%), Cd (77.66%) ＞ Cu (73.34%) ＞ Mn (67.92%) ＞ Co (41.66%) ＞ Ni (30.36%) ＞ Cr (21.56%), Fe (20.86%). Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible pollution sources of metals. Factor analysis showed that these areas were mainly contaminated by three sources, namely lithology, traffic, and industry.     

Variation of grain Cd and Zn concentrations of 110 hybrid rice cultivars grown in a low-Cd paddy soil

Enhanced Cd uptake and Zn depletion in rice grains and high potential for food Cd exposure by the high-yielding hybrid cultivars of China had been addressed. A field experiment was conducted in 2006 to determine the di erence in grain Cd and Zn between cultivars. Total 110 cultivars including super rice and common hybrid rice cultivars were grown on a single paddy soil (Entic Haplaquept) with a neutral reaction and low total Cd content. Grain Cd and Zn concentrations were determined with graphite atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (GFAAS) and flame atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (AAS) respectively.Wide variation of Cd content in grain was found in a range of 0.004–0.057 mg/kg, while the Zn content in a range of 10.25–30.06 mg/kg among the cultivars. Higher Cd but lower Zn concentration in grains of super rice cultivars was observed compared to the common hybrid ones. A highly significant positive linear correlation of grain Cd/Zn with grain Cd was found for super rice and common hybrid cultivars, meanwhile much higher slope for these hybrid cultivars than the reported non-hybrid cultivars was also observed. Using the limit value of the Chinese chemical guidelines for foods (MOHC and SSC, 2005), calculated potential risk of food Cd exposure with “Zn hungry” through diet intake was prominent with all the studied 110 hybrid rice cultivars, possessing high potential health problems for rice production in South China using the super rice cultivars. Breeding of genotypes of rice cultivars with low grain Cd and low Cd/Zn ratio is needed for rice production in acidic red soils where Cd bioavailability is prevalently high.     

Bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs and whole body tissues of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala individually and in binary solutions with nickel

Contamination of aquatic ecosystems with heavy metals has been receiving increased worldwide attention due to their harmful e ects on human health and other organisms in the environment. Most of the studies dealing with toxic e ects of metals deal with single metal species, while the aquatic organisms are typically exposed to mixtures of metals. Hence, in order to provide data supporting the usefulness of freshwater fish as indicators of heavy metal pollution, it has been proposed in the present study to investigate the bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs of freshwater fingerlings Cirrhinus mrigala, individually and in binary solutions with nickel. The results show that the kidney is a target organ for chromium accumulation, which implies that it is also the “critical” organ for toxic symptoms. The results further show that accumulation of nickel in all the tissues of C. mrigala is higher than that of chromium. In addition, the metal accumulations of the binary mixtures of chromium and nickel are substantially higher than those of the individual metals, indicating synergistic interactions between the two metals. Theoretically the simplest explanation for an additive joint action of toxicants in a mixture is that they act in a qualitatively similar way. The observed data suggest that C. mrigala could be suitable monitoring organisms to study the bioavailability of water-bound metals in freshwater habitats.     

Particle properties in granular activated carbon filter during drinking water treatment

The elemental composition and bacteria attached in particles were investigated during granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration.The experimental results showed that trapped influent particles could form new,larger particles on GAC surface.The sloughing of individuals off GAC surface caused an increase in effluent particles in the size range from 5 to 25 μm.The selectivity for element removal in GAC filters caused an increasing proportion of metallic elements in the effluent particles.The distribution of molar ratio indicated a complicated composition for large particles,involving organic and inorganic substances.The organic proportion accounted for 40% of total carbon attached to the particles.Compared with dissolved carbon,there was potential for the formation of trihalomethanes by organic carbon attached to particles,especially for those with size larger than 10 μm.The pure carbon energy spectrum was found only in the GAC effluent and the size distribution of carbon fines was mainly above 10 μm.The larger carbon fines provided more space for bacterial colonization and stronger protection for attached bacteria against disinfection.The residual attached bacteria after chorine disinfection was increased to 10 2-10 3 CFU/mL within 24 hours at 25°C.     

炼油厂固废金属来源分析及迁移路线

以某典型炼油厂为实验样地,通过对原油炼制过程中各生产装置固体废物排放情况进行调研并检测固废中金属元素含量,对炼厂固废金属来源及迁移规律进行了分析。研究结果表明:炼厂外排固废中主要包含As、Cu、Ni、Cr、Hg、Pb、V等金属元素,其中Ni元素和V元素含量较高,覆盖面广。催化裂化装置外排固废中Ni、V两类金属元素含量较高,汽油吸附脱硫装置固废中Ni、Zn元素含量较高,催化重整装置外排固废中主要含有As、Cu、Ni、Cr、Hg等元素,柴油加氢装置外排固废中主要含有As、Pb、Cu等元素。原油中的V元素除少部分随常减压装置电脱盐废水排出外,大部分沉积在催化裂化催化剂中,并随催化柴油和直馏柴油积累在柴油加氢精制催化剂中;Ni元素主要累积在废催化裂化催化剂,并随相应工艺路线进入汽油吸附脱硫废吸附剂、重整催化剂、柴油加氢精制催化剂和柴油加氢裂化催化剂中;Zn元素的迁移路线为:催化裂化催化剂、重整催化剂中以及脱氯剂的Zn元素随催化汽油进入加氢脱硫装置,并大量沉积在汽油吸附脱硫吸附剂和柴油加氢精制催化剂中;原油中的As、Cu、Pb元素随相应的工艺路线,最终大量沉积在加氢精制废催化剂中。