有毒物质Hormesis效应的识别与评价

有毒物质Hormesis效应对传统的毒理学模型提出了挑战.在低剂量条件下单纯的效应增强并不一定是Hormesis效应,可能由效应的某种波动或试验误差引起.对有毒物质Hormesis效应特征、发生的低剂量范围及其识别与评价方法进行了综述,并以低剂量镉对蚯蚓体内谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH - PX)活性影响为例,建立了Hormesis效应及其定量评价方法.结果表明,二次函数拟合模型为y=0.3994- 1.4472X2+ 1.707X,刺激效应强度为45.34％.     

二亿人患职业病呼唤法律的完善

根据卫生部提供的数据,我国现有约1600万家企业存在有毒有害作业场所,约2亿劳动者在从事劳动过程中遭受不同程度职业病危害。有关职业病的案例,不时见诸媒体。北京义联劳动法援助与研究中心在全国范     

Physiological cellular responses and adaptations of Rhodococcus erythropolis IBBPo1 to toxic organic solvents

A new Gram-positive bacterium, Rhodococcus erythropolis IBBPo1（KF059972.1） was isolated from a crude oil-contaminated soil sample by enrichment culture method. R. erythropolis IBBPo1 was able to tolerate a wide range of toxic compounds, such as antibiotics（800–1000 μg/mL）,synthetic surfactants（50–200 μg/mL）, and organic solvents（40%–100%）. R. erythropolis IBBPo1 showed good tolerance to both alkanes（cyclohexane, n-hexane, n-decane） and aromatics（toluene, styrene, ethylbenzene） with logPOW（logarithm of the partition coefficient of the solvent in octanol–water mixture） values between 2.64 and 5.98. However, alkanes were less toxic for R. erythropolis IBBPo1 cells, compared with aromatics. The high organic solvent tolerance of R. erythropolis IBBPo1 could be due to the presence in their large genome of some catabolic（alkB, alkB1, todC1, todM, xylM）, transporter（HAE1） and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase（otsA1, KF059973.1） genes. Numerous and complex physiological cellular responses and adaptations involved in organic solvent tolerance were revealed in R. erythropolis IBBPo1 cells exposed 1 and 24 hr to 1% organic solvents. R. erythropolis IBBPo1 cells adapt to 1% organic solvents by changing surface hydrophobicity, morphology and their metabolic fingerprinting.Considerable modifications in otsA1 gene sequence were also observed in cells exposed to organic solvents（except ethylbenzene）.     

Effects of seasonal climatic variability on several toxic contaminants in urban lakes: Implications for the impacts of climate change

Climate change is supposed to have influences on water quality and ecosystem. However, only few studies have assessed the effect of climate change on environmental toxic contaminants in urban lakes. In this research, response of several toxic contaminants in twelve urban lakes in Beijing, China, to the seasonal variations in climatic factors was studied. Fluorides, volatile phenols, arsenic, selenium, and other water quality parameters were analyzed monthly from2009 to 2012. Multivariate statistical methods including principle component analysis, cluster analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed to study the relationship between contaminants and climatic factors including temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and sunshine duration. Fluoride and arsenic concentrations in most urban lakes exhibited a significant positive correlation with temperature/precipitation, which is mainly caused by rainfall induced diffuse pollution. A negative correlation was observed between volatile phenols and temperature/precipitation, and this could be explained by their enhanced volatilization and biodegradation rates caused by higher temperature. Selenium did not show a significant response to climatic factor variations, which was attributed to low selenium contents in the lakes and soils. Moreover, the response degrees of contaminants to climatic variations differ among lakes with different contamination levels. On average, temperature/precipitation contributed to 8%, 15%, and 12% of the variations in volatile phenols, arsenic, and fluorides,respectively. Beijing is undergoing increased temperature and heavy rainfall frequency during the past five decades. This study suggests that water quality related to fluoride and arsenic concentrations of most urban lakes in Beijing is becoming worse under this climate change trend.     

开封市周边地区地表灰尘主要金属元素背景值研究及应用

在开封市周边地区采集96个地表灰尘样品,按照土壤背景值研究方法,探讨了灰尘K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Al和Ti等主要金属元素的背景值,并与研究区表土元素背景值及开封市区灰尘元素平均含量进行了比较。结果表明:地表灰尘Al、Ti、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe和Mn的背景值分别是70.67、4.85、19.56、16.42、23.37、9.21、20.83和0.74 g/kg;与研究区表土元素背景值相比,灰尘K、Mn背景值分别低3.69%和6.33%,而Mg、Na、Fe、Al、Ca和Ti则分别高14.98%、10.42%、10.10%、9.36%、8.40%和4.30%;开封市区灰尘Mn、Ti、Fe、Na、Al和Mg含量分别比其背景值低69.11%、16.67%、14.92%、9.09%、6.63%和0.84%,而Ca和K分别比其背景值高8.94%和4.92%;灰尘粒径大小、矿物组成和人类活动是影响主要金属元素背景值的重要因素。     

智能石墨消解-ICP/MS测定土壤中的10种金属元素研究

使用智能石墨消解对土壤样品进行前处理,ICP/MS测定土壤中的V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sb、Pb等10种金属元素含量。实验表明,智能石墨消解能将土壤样品消解完全,ICP-MS测定土壤标准样品结果均在保证值范围内、相对标准偏差在0.5%~4.6%之间,具有较好的精密度。该方法安全性高、污染少、操作简单、实现了智能化,适合大批量样品同时测定。     

对环境监测实验室常见废液的处理探讨

环境监测实验室在日常工作中常常需要使用化学试剂,尤其是剧毒、致癌的废液在排放中需要进行有效的处理,以防范对环境和人体的危害。如某些掩蔽剂、萃取剂等的使用,很容易对环境造成二次污染。因此,本文将从环境监测实验室废液处理方法上展开探讨,并提出积极的应对策略。     

有限空间作业常见隐患(二)

有限空间是指封闭或者部分封闭,与外界相对隔离,人员进出受限但可以进入、未被设计为固定的工作场所,作业人员不能长时间在内工作,自然通风不良,易造成有毒有害、易燃易爆物质积聚或者氧含量不足,或存在淹溺、坍塌掩埋、触电、机械伤害等其他危险有害因素的空间。分为封闭或部分封闭设备、地下封闭或部分封闭空间、地上封闭或部分封闭空间三大类。     

石油化工灾害事故处置应把握的关键环节

石油化工设施具有易燃易爆、有毒有害、高温高压和生产连续的行业特点,决定了火灾的复杂性、突发性和危险性,处置难度大、技术要求高,极易造成大量人员伤亡和巨额财产损失。在石油化工火灾处置过程中,应把握灭火救援中关键环节,科学、有效、安全处置。     

作业现场“三违”行为的剖析与对策

据国家安全生产监督管理局统计,92%事故发生的直接原因都是"三违"行为造成的。重庆开县"12.23"特别重大事故,是由于起钻杆时,违犯操作规程,没有灌泥浆,液柱压力低于地层原始压力所致,造成人243人死亡,直接经济损失9200多万元。事故造成的伤亡惨重,损失巨大,教训沉痛,充分暴露出"三违"行为危害的严重性,