A restoration-promoting integrated floating bed and its experimental performance in eutrophication remediation

Numerous studies on eutrophication remediation have mainly focused on purifying water first, then restoring submerged macrophytes. A restoration-promoting integrated floating bed （RPIFB） was designed to combine the processes of water purification and macrophyte restoration simultaneously. Two outdoor experiments were conducted to evaluate the ecological functions of the RP1FB. Trial 1 was conducted to compare the eutrophication purification among floating bed, gradual-submerging bed （GSB） and RPIFB technologies. The results illustrated that RPIFB has the best purification capacity. Removal efficiencies of RPIFB for TN, TP,NH4＋-N, NO3-N, CODcr, Chlorophyll-a and turbidity were 74.45%, 98.31%, 74.71%, 88.81%, 71.42%, 90.17% and 85%, respectively. In trial 2, influences of depth of GSB and photic area in RPIFB on biota were investigated. When the depth of GSB decreased and the photic area of RPIFB grew, the height of Potamogeton crispus Linn. increased, but the biomass of Canna indica Linn. was reduced. The mortalities of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Bellamya aeruginosa in each group were all less than 7%. All results indicated that when the RPIFB was embedded into the eutrophic water, the regime shift from phytoplankton-dominated to macrophyte-dominated state could be promoted. Thus, the RPIFB is a promising remediation technology for eutrophication and submerged macrophyte restoration.     

地面上的空气负离子主要来源于植物的尖端放电

自然界产生空气负离子的因素很多:太阳光紫外光、雷电、宇宙射线等,而植物的尖端放电则是产生地面上空气负离子的主要因素。     

人工湿地处理渗滤液N2O的释放规律及控制

采用培养试验和现场研究,考察了垃圾填埋场渗滤液经人工湿地系统处理过程中N2O的释放规律.在投加同等质量浓度渗滤液条件下,碱性黏土样Soil 1中N2O释放通量为酸性砂土样Soil 2的近18倍(P<0.01).与孔隙含水率为46%时相比,投加蒸馏水的土样Soil 1,投加渗滤液的土样Soil 1和投加渗滤液的土样Soil 2在孔隙含水率为70%的条件下,其N2O释放通量平均值分别提高了6.5(P>0.05),1.8(P>0.05)和2.2倍(P<0.05).选用9种土壤投加渗滤液培养后统计分析表明:N2O释放通量与土壤pH,w(有机质)和碳氮比[(w(C)/w(N))呈显著正相关,而与土壤中w(砂粒)呈显著负相关.3种湿地处理渗滤液后,夹竹桃(Nerium indicum Mill)湿地中N2O释放通量最高,其年均值(以N2O-N计)为(298±234)μg/(m2·h)(P<0.05),分别比高羊茅(Feauca arundinacea Schreb)和狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)湿地N2O年均释放量高出0.5(P>0.05)和6.6倍(P<0.05).在关注去除污水中氮元素的同时,也要重视由此引发的二次污染问题,建议人工湿地系统采用酸性砂土,种植的植物采用阳光穿透性强的针叶类植物,以减少处理污水过程中N2O的释放.     

植物酯酶速测毒死蜱残留量的研究

毒死蜱是一种广泛使用的中等毒性杀虫剂。采用传统的方法检测毒死蜱,难以满足成本低和现场速测的需要。将植物酯酶水解乙酰 2,6 二氯酚靛酚产生的吸光值的变化这一特性应用于毒死蜱的检测。通过正交实验,找出了最优的反应条件。应用此法可半定量检测出在0.05~0.09mg/L浓度范围内的毒死蜱。     

硬叶空气凤梨对铅的富集特征研究

空气凤梨是一类生长在空气中、不需要土壤的特殊植物,是有效的监测环境变化的指示植物。文章以硬叶空凤为材料,以环境中最典型的污染物—铅对其进行胁迫处理后,发现硬叶空凤对铅具有很强的耐性,而且可对铅进行有效的富集,是一种合适的指示铅污染的植物。扫描电镜和能谱分析表明,不论何种铅浓度处理植物体,硬叶空凤叶表鳞片中都可检测到铅元素的存在,进一步表明叶表鳞片很可能是铅等重金属元素的主要富集结构。另外,硬叶空凤叶表鳞片的3类细胞在富集铅时所起的作用是不同的,最内部的碟状细胞中铅的含量要大于中间的环状细胞,更大于最外部的翼状细胞,暗示铅的迁移是一种代谢性主动吸收过程。     

日本森林大气中过氧化物的浓度及其对森林植物的影响

为了研究森林衰退的原因,于2000,2001和2002年的8月,分别选择出现森林衰退的日本奥日光白根山落叶树森林和未出现森林衰退的长野县大芝高原红松森林设立监测点,对光化学氧化剂臭氧(O3)和过氧化物的浓度进行监测,同时利用人工气候室对森林植物山毛榉和白桦进行了50′10-9O3、100′10-9O3和50′10-9O3+2′10-9~3′10-9过氧化物(过氧化氢(H2O2)及甲基过氧化氢(MHP))的暴露实验.野外监测结果表明,监测期间奥日光和长野的O3平均浓度相同,奥日光的H2O2及MHP平均浓度均高于长野;大气中的H2O2和MHP总是与O3共存,并且其浓度随O3浓度的增加而增加.暴露实验结果表明,暴露于50′10-9O3+2′10-9~3′10-9过氧化物的山毛榉和白桦出现了不同于O3暴露的叶片伤害症状;与100′10-9O3相比,50′10-9O3+2′10-9~3′10-9过氧化物导致植物出现了严重的叶片伤害和显著的光合速率下降.研究结果表明,除O3外,大气中的过氧化物也是导致森林衰退的原因之一.     

Phosphorus utilization and microbial community in response to lead/iron addition to a waterlogged soil

Constructed wetlands have emerged as a viable option for helping to solve a wide range of water quality problems. However, heavy metals adsorbed by substrates would decrease the growth of plants, impair the functions of wetlands and eventually result in a failure of contaminant removal. Typha latifolia L., tolerant to heavy metals, has been widely used for phytoremediation of Pb/Zn mine tailings under waterlogged conditions. This study examined e ects of iron as ferrous sulfate (100 and 500 mg/kg) and lead as lead nitrate (0, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) on phosphorus utilization and microbial community structure in a constructed wetland. Wetland plants (T. latifolia) were grown for 8 weeks in rhizobags filled with a paddy soil under waterlogged conditions. The results showed that both the amount of iron plaque on the roots and phosphorus adsorbed on the plaque decreased with the amount of lead addition. When the ratio of added iron to lead was 1:1, phosphorus utilized by plants was the maximum. Total amount of phospholipids fatty acids (PLFAs) was 23%–59% higher in the rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil. The relative abundance of Gram-negative bacteria, aerobic bacteria, and methane oxidizing bacteria was also higher in the rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil, but opposite was observed for other bacteria and fungi. Based on cluster analysis, microbial communities were mostly controlled by the addition of ferrous sulfate and lead nitrate in rhizosphere and bulk soil, respectively.     

网络版论文摘要

正人溶菌酶诱导表达及其在石化污泥脱水中的应用张满效1,2谢小冬3张威2陈拓2刘光琇2(1.兰州石化职业技术学院,甘肃兰州730060;2.中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,甘肃兰州730000;3.兰州大学基础医学院,甘肃兰州730000)利用异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG),通过对阳性转化的工程菌XD3-hLyz诱导表达培养,发现当诱导时间为2h、温度为25℃时,能较大量诱导出具有生物活性的人溶菌酶,其理论质量浓度为0.228 1 mg/mL,平均活性为2 448     

若尔盖典型高寒湿地植物叶功能性状对水深梯度的响应

高寒泥炭沼泽湿地储存着大量有机碳，影响全球碳库的收支平衡，作为重要的生态因子，植物功能性状显著影响着生态系统的碳输入与输出过程.为了解水位变化对高原高寒湿地植物功能性状的影响并深入理解水位下降下的高寒泥炭沼泽碳循环，以青藏高原东部若尔盖典型沼泽湿地两种优势植物——木里苔草(Carex muliensis；湿生植物，即喜欢潮湿环境而不能忍受长时间水位不足的陆生植物)和斑唇马先蒿(Pedicularis longiflora var.tubiformis；中生植物，即介于湿生与旱生植物之间而不能忍受严重干旱或长期水涝的植物)为研究对象，采用“中宇宙”水位模拟试验，分析两种植物在10 cm(D₁₀)、0 cm(D₀)、–20 cm(D_-20)和–50 cm(D_-50)水位梯度下叶形态性状的差异，以及叶片光合气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数等的变化规律.结果表明：(1)木里苔草通过减小叶长、叶面积、比叶面积、叶干重和增加叶厚以适应水位下降，斑唇马先蒿则通过减小叶长、叶宽、叶面积、比叶面积和叶干重来适应水位上升....     

某工业区排污河道周边植物重金属富集特征

通过实地调查分析新乡某电池工业区排污河道周边土壤中重金属Cu、Ni、Cd和Zn的含量,采集8种常见植物,对比植物对Cu、Ni、Cd和Zn的吸收、富集和转运特征。结果显示:土壤中Ni、Cd污染较重,平均浓度分别为98.675、99.45 mg/kg,Cu和Zn含量不高,其中Cu和Cd来源或者污染途径可能一致,且Cu、Ni和Zn的TCLP含量较低,小于国际标准值,对周围生态生态环境危害不大,Cd的TCLP提取量远超过国际标准值,对周围生态环境有明显威胁。8种野生植物中,芸薹、小蓬草、扫帚苗和藜对Cd都表现出一定的富集特性,植物地上部分Cd的浓度分别是34.75、22.75、27、36.5 mg/kg,且转运系数都大于1.0;小蓬草、藜和菥蓂对重金属Zn的转运系数和富集系数都接近1.0,表现出了良好的耐性,值得作为优势植物关注。