银杏树

正银杏(Ginkgo biloba)是大家十分熟悉的绿化树种,在植物学上属银杏目银杏科,在民间又称白果树、公孙树、蒲扇。它是种子植物中最古老的孑遗植物,最早出现于3.45亿年前的石炭纪,曾广泛分布于北半球的欧、亚、美洲。在地质史上的第四纪冰川以后,中欧及北美等地银杏全部灭绝,只在中国还生存着一种,以后逐渐引种至世界各地,因而银杏成为植物界的活化石之一(另外两个为中国发现的水杉和美国仅存的红杉)。     

植物中锌同位素的研究进展

锌同位素是示踪植物中锌地球化学的重要手段,详细了解植物中锌同位素的分馏过程是探究其生物地球化学的关键。本文对目前研究程度较高的超富集植物、普通植物的锌同位素分馏成果进行了系统的总结,发现二者锌同位素分馏趋势基本一致,即相比于培养液或土壤的同位素组成,植物根部相对富集锌的重同位素,而植物地上部(如茎、叶等组织器官)相对富集锌的轻同位素。对于能够引起植物发生锌同位素分馏的因素归纳如下:(1)植物根部相对富集锌的重同位素,是土壤中锌的形态、根部对锌的吸收方式、细胞表面吸附共同作用的结果;(2)植物木质部对锌的向上运输,会随着传输距离的增加而使地上部组织器官相对富集锌的轻同位素;(3)大气沉降也可能导致叶片富集锌的轻同位素。     

运用典型植物监测环境中有机氟污染物的可行性探究

随着我国经济的快速发展,人们生活水平逐渐提高,人们越来越关注生态环境问题。生态环境关系着国民经济的发展以及人们的生活质量,是我国经济发展过程中必须重视的一个事项。城市生态环境中的有机氟污染物,严重的影响人们的身体健康,不利于人们生活质量的提升。本文主要针对典型植物对环境中存在的有机氟污染物进行监测的可行性进行深入的研究,通过循环中子活化对苔藓中的可萃取有机氟、总氟以及全氟化合物的含量进行分析。     

生态植物对铅污染土壤修复的潜力

采用盆栽试验,研究了螯合剂诱导下生态植物修复钢丝绳产业区铅污染土壤的潜力。结果表明:施加螯合剂均提高了生态植物对铅的吸收,但高水平的螯合剂处理出现了部分生态植物中毒。中等浓度的螯合剂处理,植株有较高的铅提取效率。分析指出,诱导的植物提取方法较适合于钢丝绳产业区中、低污染土壤的修复。     

三峡库区消落带3种植物淹水后汞的动态变化及其对水体的影响

被淹没的植物是水库甲基汞异常升高的来源之一.为探寻淹水条件下三峡水库消落带植物中汞的动态变化特征及其对水体的影响,通过室内模拟试验,研究淹水条件下稗草、狗牙根、玉米秸秆中汞含量变化及其向水体释汞情况.结果表明,3种植物总汞含量范围为9.21~12.07 ng·g-1,甲基汞占总汞的质量分数约为1%~2%.淹水后,植物总汞含量逐渐降低,其降幅为35.81%~55.96%;而上覆水溶解态汞(DHg)浓度迅速上升,增幅为103.23%~232.15%,说明植物腐烂分解会向水体释放汞.淹水环境为植物体组织内甲基化提供了充裕条件,导致植物残体甲基汞含量升高,为初始含量的3.04~6.63倍,而上覆水溶解态甲基汞(DMe Hg)浓度也显著升高,为初始浓度的14.84~16.05倍.淹水期间,上覆水中DMe Hg与溶解氧(DO)浓度表现为极显著负相关,与可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度存在显著正相关.而在整个淹水过程中,上覆水DHg浓度变化量为植物总汞释放量的41.74%~47.01%,且各植物残体总汞含量与上覆水DHg浓度存在极显著负相关.     

污泥复配土种植观赏植物在垃圾填埋场封场中的应用

为了研究污泥复配土作为填埋场封场覆盖土对观赏类植被生长和土壤土质的影响,将60%含水率的脱水污泥与营养土等比例混合后作为填埋场封场覆盖层,在百亩范围内试种植矮生美人蕉和细叶芒草等观赏类植物,在8个月内监测其生长和土质变化情况。发现污泥复配土对观赏类植物有一定的胁迫作用,污泥复配土种植的矮生美人蕉植株尺寸不到纯营养土种植的2/3,但不影响其正常繁殖;污泥以一定比例掺杂能提高覆盖土的保水性能和力学性能,相比纯营养土,污泥复配土半年时间内失水减少50%,无侧限抗压强度无明显下降;细叶芒草的绿化美观效果虽不及矮生美人蕉,但枯萎缓慢,布绿时间较长;夏季高温对观赏类植物生长造成一定抑制,但不致命,冬季低温会造成致命冻害。     

Enhancing plant-microbe associated bioremediation of phenanthrene and pyrene contaminated soil by SDBS-Tween 80 mixed surfactants

The use of surfactants to enhance plant-microbe associated dissipation in soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) is a promising bioremediation technology. This comparative study was conducted on the effects of plant-microbe treatment on the removal of phenanthrene and pyrene from contaminated soil, in the presence of low concentration single anionic, nonionic and anionic-nonionic mixed surfactants. Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) and Tween 80 were chosen as representative anionic and nonionic surfactants, respectively. We found that mixed surfactants with concentrations less than 150 mg/kg were more effective in promoting plant-microbe associated bioremediation than the same amount of single surfactants. Only about(m/m) of mixed surfactants was needed to remove the same amount of phenanthrene and pyrene from either the planted or unplanted soils, when compared to Tween 80. Mixed surfactants( 150 mg/kg) better enhanced the degradation efficiency of phenanthrene and pyrene via microbe or plant-microbe routes in the soils. In the concentration range of 60–150 mg/kg, both ryegrass roots and shoots could accumulate 2–3 times the phenanthrene and pyrene with mixed surfactants than with Tween 80. These results may be explained by the lower sorption loss and reduced interfacial tension of mixed surfactants relative to Tween 80, which enhanced the bioavailability of PAHs in soil and the microbial degradation efficiency. The higher remediation efficiency of low dosage SDBS-Tween 80 mixed surfactants thus advanced the technology of surfactant-enhanced plant-microbe associated bioremediation.     

菹草腐解-金鱼藻生长耦合作用对水质及植物生长的影响

通过室内实验模拟沉水植物季相交替过程,分析菹草腐解-金鱼藻生长耦合作用对水质变化影响,探讨菹草不同残体量腐解对金鱼藻生长的影响.结果表明,不同残体量条件下,金鱼藻均能将水体营养盐及有机质保持在相对较低水平,且实验第29 d后基本保持稳定,其中DTN0.514 mg·L-1,TN0.559 mg·L-1,TP0.080 mg·L-1,DTP0.014 mg·L-1,TOC13.94mg·L-1,Chl-a26.546 mg·L-1,菹草腐解-金鱼藻生长耦合作用对水质的改善效果明显,其中在20 g残体条件下处理效果较好,对水体TN、DTN、TP、TOC和Chl-a的去除率分别达到89.67%、52.51%、94.99%、55.59%和98.55%;不同残体量条件下金鱼藻的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛含量均比初始值增加,残体释放的营养盐促进了金鱼藻生长,在20 g残体条件下其对金鱼藻生长的促进作用最好.结果表明在水体含有20 g残体条件下,菹草腐解-金鱼藻生长耦合作用对水质的改善及植物生长的促进效果最显著.     

Multiple biomarkers response in maize (Zea mays L.) during exposure to copper

Biomarkers in higher plants played an important role to estimate exposure effects of pollutants in soil ecosystem and have received increasing attention in recent years. The qualitative and quantitative modifications arising in amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） profiles as a measure of DNA effects were compared with a number of parameters, namely, the root length, total soluble protein content in root tips, chlorophylls content and shoot size to select the most sensitive biomarker responding to copper stress in the range of 0--600 mg/kg. The changes occurring in AFLP profiles of root tips following Cu treatment included loss of normal bands and appearance of new bands and variation in band intensity in comparison to that of the normal seedlings, A reduction in root length was observed at the 200 mg/kg of copper, which was accompanied with a decrease in total soluble protein content. According to their sensitivity to the copper toxicity, the above indicator rank in the following order： AFLP profiles 〉 total soluble protein content 〉 root length 〉 chlorophylls content 〉 shoot. We concluded that the AFLP offered a useful alternative hiomarker assay for the detection of genotoxic effects of environmental pollutants.     

不同湿地植物凋落物对汞铊矿废弃物浸出酸性废水中重金属的吸附研究

研究了不同湿地植物(稻草(Oryza sativa L.)、风车草(Cyperus involucratus Rottb.)、芦竹(Arundo donax L.)、美人蕉(Canna indica L.)、水葱(Scirpus validus Vahl.)、香蒲(Typha orientalis C.Presl)和鸢...