印江槽谷型喀斯特地区植被碳储量及固碳潜力研究

以印江槽谷型喀斯特石漠化地区11种植被类型(人工纯林、人工混交林、天然纯林、天然混交林、疏林、竹林、经果林、灌木林、石山地、宜林地、草地)为研究对象,分析了植被碳储量的空间分布格局,并对区域植被固碳速率、碳储量进行了估算,并预测了理论最大固碳潜力。结果表明:印江研究区植被碳储量空间分布为,乔木层(25.06t/hm2)灌木层(3.51t/hm2)草本层(1.10t/hm2),其平均固碳速率为10.63t/(hm2·a),植被碳储量为172.23×103 t,植被理论最大固碳潜力为94.02t/hm2。研究结果对于评价和估计印江槽谷型喀斯特石漠化地区森林的碳汇功能,以及提高碳储量有重要意义。     

锡林河流域年均降水量与不同地貌下植被覆盖度的关系

锡林河流域的天然植被作为生态系统中的重要组成部分,是生态系统的主要生产者。水作为干旱草原区最为关键的生态因子,不仅是干旱草原区绿洲生态系统构成、稳定和发展的基础和依据,而且决定着干旱草原区绿洲化过程与荒漠化过程两类极具对立与冲突性的生态环境演化过程。选择锡林河流域草原作为研究区域,研究表明研究区河谷平原区和山丘区域植被覆盖度受降水量影响显著,降水量越大,植被覆盖度越好;山间河谷及阶地区域植被覆盖度在一定程度上受降水量的影响;沙地和高平原区域植被覆盖度受降水量影响较小,植被生长不仅依靠降水,还受其他因素的控制。     

Vertical and temporal distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and relationship with their influencing factors in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone： a case study in Taihu Lake, China

Vertical and temporal distributions of N and P in soil solution in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone （ATE） of Taihu Lake were investigated, and the relations among N, P, ORP （oxidation reduction potential）, TOC, root system biomass and microorganism were studied. As a whole, significant declines in TN, NO3^--N, DON （dissolved organic nitrogen） and TP concentration in soil solution have occurred with increase of the depth, and reached their minima at 60 cm depth, except for NH4^＋-N, which increased with depth. The concentration of TP increased gradually from spring to winter in the topsoil, the maximum 0.08 mg/L presented in the winter while the minimum 0.03 mg/L in spring. In the deeper layer, the concentration value of TP fluctuated little. As for the NO3^--N, its seasonal variation was significant at 20 cm depth, its concentration increased gradually from spring to autumn, and decreased markedly in winter. Vertical and temporal distribution of DON is contrary to that of NO3^--N. The results also show that the variation of N and P in the percolate between adjacent layers is obviously different. The vertical variation ofTN, TP, NO3^--N, NH4^＋-N and DON is significant, of which the variation coefficient of NO3^--N along the depth reaches 100.23%, the highest; while the variation coefficient of DON is 41.14%, the smallest. The results of correlation analysis show that the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus correlate significantly with TOC, ORP, root biomass and counts of nitrifying bacteria. Most nutrients altered much from 20 to 40 cm along the depth. However, DON changed more between 60 and 80 cm. Results show that soil of 0-60 cm depth is active rhizoplane, with strong capability to remove the nitrogen and phosphorus in ATE. It may suggest that there exists the optimum ecological efficiency in the depth of above 60 cm in reed wetland. This will be very significant for ecological restoration and reestablishment.     

贺兰山东坡不同植被类型的土壤真菌多样性及其群落结构

为了解植被对土壤真菌群落结构及其优势菌群影响,利用高通量测序技术,研究了贺兰山东坡山地荒漠草地、浅山灌丛、亚高山针叶林和亚高山草甸4种植被类型土壤真菌多样性及其群落结构。结果表明,（1）贺兰山东坡不同植被类型土壤真菌α多样性由高到低依次为浅山灌丛、山地荒漠草地、亚高山草甸、亚高山针叶林;且亚高山针叶林显著低于其他植被类型。（2）相对丰度1%的真菌共检测到子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、被孢霉门（Mortierellomycota）、球囊菌门（Glomeromycota）、壶菌门（Chytridiomycota）5个门类,其中子囊菌门和担子菌门为主要优势菌群,平均丰度占比分别为46.7%和29.6%;担子菌门在亚高山针叶林中丰度显著高于其他菌门,子囊菌门在山地荒漠草地、浅山灌丛和亚高山草甸植被类型中显著高于其他菌门。（3）从土壤真菌群落组成与环境因子相关性分析可知,植物多样性、pH、年均温、土壤有机质、年均降雨量、土壤含水率及海拔都会显著影响到真菌群落组成;从真菌α多样性指数与植物多样性指数和海拔Pearson相关性分析可知,植物多样性是影响真菌...     

榆林地区植被时空分异特征及其影响因素研究

植被作为反映陆地生态系统和气候的重要指标,对研究全球或区域生态环境变化具有重要作用。以地处黄土高原生态脆弱区的榆林市为研究区,基于地理探测器模型,选取坡向、坡度、气温、降水和土壤类型5类自然因子,土地利用类型、人口密度和GDP 3类人文因子,分析榆林地区植被空间分异特征及其驱动力,并揭示了促进植被生长影响因子的最适宜特征。结果表明,（1）研究区2000—2018年植被覆盖趋向改善,NDVI呈现增加趋势,增速为0.11/10a,2008年以后植被增长较为明显;NDVI在2018年中高等级（0.6—0.8）面积比2000年中高等级面积明显增加;中高等级集中于榆林市东部黄土丘陵区,中低等级（0.2—0.4）集中于榆林市西北部的风沙区,植被覆盖呈现东部高西北低的空间分布特征。（2）人口密度和气温因子较好地解释植被NDVI空间分异性,是影响NDVI空间分异性的主要因子,GDP、土地利用类型和坡度是次级影响因子,其他因子对NDVI空间分异存在间接影响;坡向、降水和土壤类型因子与其他自然、人文因素对植被空间分布影响存在显著性差异。（3）自然、人文因子对榆林市NDVI的影响存在交互作用,因子之间的交互...     

Integrated assessment of river health based on water quality, aquatic life and physical habitat

The health conditions of Liao River were assessed using 25 sampling sites in April 2005, with water quality index, biotic index and physical habitat quality index. Based on the method of cluster analysis (CA) for water quality indices, it revealed that heavily polluted sites of Liao River are located at estuary and mainstream. The aquatic species surveyed were attached algae and benthic invertebrates. The result showed that the diversity and biomass of attached algae and benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) were degrading as the chemical and physical quality of water bodies deteriorating. Physiochemical parameters, BOD5, CODCr, TN, TP, NH3-N, DO, petroleum hydrocarbon and conductivity, were statistically analyzed with principal component analysis and correlation analysis. The statistical results were incorporated into the integrated assessing water quality index, combining fecal coliform count, attached algae diversity, B-IBI and physical habitat quality score. A comprehensive integrated assessing system of river ecological health was established. Based on the systimetic assesment, the assessed sites are categorized into 9 “healthy” and “sub-healthy” sites and 8 “sub-sick” and “sick” sites.     

黄土高原植被重建对小流域水循环的影响

在黄土高原,植被重建是减少水土流失改善区域生态环境的有效措施,因而植被重建对水分循环的影响成为黄土高原地区生态环境问题研究的核心。论文利用流域对比分析法,以位于甘肃省西峰市南小河沟流域的一条森林小流域和一条荒坡草地小流域为对象,通过对1956～2000年水文要素的监测和分析,得出:44年内森林植被累积减少地表径流37％;前15-20年内植被减流作用随树龄的增长而增加,后24～30年植被的减流作用几乎保持不变;月径流量的减少主要集中在6-9月份;森林小流域相对于对比小流域,44年内土壤含水量累积减少约222mm,平均每年减少5mm;而蒸散量相对荒坡草地流域累积增加了620mm,平均每年多蒸散14mm。     

宝鸡市植被叶子重金属分布规律及生态风险评价

以宝鸡市滨河路植被叶子为研究对象,对不同种类以及不同高度的植被叶子重金属含量和污染程度进行分析.结果表明,植物叶子中重金属含量随着植被高度呈递减的变化趋势;其中Cr、Mn和Pb含量在植被叶子中富集最多,Cr、Cu、Ni和Mn含量的最高值均出现在金叶女贞的植被叶子中; Pb富集最多的是大叶女贞,Cd富集最多的是塔松,As富集最多的是红叶李;运用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合指数法对植被叶子的污染程度进行评价,Hakanson潜在生态风险评价法评估了滨河路不同类型植被叶子中Cr、Cu、Ni、Mn、Pb、Cd和As等7种重金属的潜在生态危害,滨河路7种植被叶子综合污染指数属重度污染,具有极强的综合危害性; 7种重金属的平均潜在生态风险程度大小顺序为:Cd Ni Cr As Pb Cu Mn,RI值变化范围为19. 04～4 020. 29.     

三里洞矸石废弃地人工植被群落构建初探

对矸石土样及植被材料进行采样测定,研究分析矸石的供肥能力、微量有毒元素含量、矿区植物中微量有毒元素的含量。研究结果表明:刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)对Cu、As元素吸收能力大于其它植物;荠菜(Capsella bursapastrois)对Zn元素的吸收能力较其他植物强;狗尾草(Setaria viridis)对Cr元素具有较强的吸收能力。依据矸石废弃地立地类型特点,矸石废弃地人工植被景观恢复过程中应选择臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)作为先锋树种,宜优先选用刺槐×沙棘×荠菜(Robinia pseudoacacia×Hippophae rhamnoides×Capsella)、刺槐×沙棘×狗尾草(Robinia pseudoacacia×Hippophae rhamnoides×Setariaviridis)、臭椿×沙棘×狗尾草(Ailanthusaltissima×Hippophae rhamnoides×Setaria viridis)群落与刺槐林、臭椿林配植模式。运用生态恢复的方法对矸石废弃地进行人工植被景观恢复与重建,恢复其受损伤的生态系统,这对矸石废弃地植被恢复有一定的理论指导意义。     

关于生态用水研究的讨论

十几年生态用水研究进展,其概念从自然地理平衡说法到生态系统稳定说法,至今未明确统一。按生态用水概念的内涵,将生态、环境、生态环境与用水、需水、耗水6个词的多样组合归纳为生态需水和生态用水两个词。地带性植被生态用水是生态用水研究的基础,可为生态保护和植被建设提供依据和目标。建议生态用水概念定义为:维持各类生态系统正常发育与相对稳定所必需消耗和现存的水称为生态用水。