中国NOx控制制度研究

中国NOx污染呈现总量逐年增加的趋势,已成为大气污染治理的主要内容.从NOx的控制制度、排放指标上对我国现行NOx控制体系进行了分析,并对我国进一步完善NOx控制制度及标准提出了建议.主要建议有(1)降低NOx控制标准适应当前环境状况;(2)应用科学方法,制订合理的NOx总量控制标准和制度;(3)制订氮氧化物排放标准;(4)浓度控制和总量控制结合.总量控制的实施要注意污染物排放标准制定的政策取向;总量控制法的基本原理和程序;总量控制结合排放标准控制.     

能量耗损相关底物消耗对微生物产率的影响

根据底物反应平衡,提出在底物充分的条件下,微生物消耗的底物总量等于微生物生长所利用的量,微生物维持代谢所利用的量及由于能量代谢分离而消耗的量之和,由此,建立了描述在底物充分的条件下,微生物产率与剩余底物浓度相应关系的动力学模型,证明了观测到的产率随剩余底物２的增加而减少的现象,此模型能很好实验数据相符,结果表明随剩余的底物２的增加,微生物的产率可下降７０％左右。     

高氨氮废水半短程硝化控制及曝气经济性运行优化

本研究进水模拟了污泥消化液、晚期垃圾渗滤液等高氨氮低碱度低碳氮比的废水,在碱度缺乏（不足以实现完全短程硝化）条件下获得了稳定的半短程硝化,并通过曝气量和污泥浓度（MLSS）双因素调控,实现了半短程硝化的高效经济运行.研究表明,进水碱度缺乏条件下短程硝化体系出水亚硝氮/氨氮浓度比值y与进水HCO₃^-∶NH₄⁺物质的量的比x之间存在化学计量关系 y=x/（2-x）,当进水HCO₃^-∶NH₄⁺物质的量的比为1,即进水碱度/氨氮浓度（mg·L^-1）比值为3.6时可实现半短程硝化,并通过游离氨（FA）和游离亚硝酸（FNA）联合抑制能够实现稳态运行,亚硝酸盐积累率平均可达95%以上.实验探究了MLSS和曝气量对短程硝化反应器曝气经济性和氨氧化率的影响,通过平衡两因素作用,在保证处理效果的同时最大程度提升了反应系统的曝气经济性：当曝气量为36 L·h^-1和MLSS为2243 mg·L^-1时,反应器的曝气经济性较好,可节省约40%曝气量,且能维持较高的容积氨氮负荷（0.93 kg·m^-3·d^-1）.     

Improved source assessment of Si, Al and related mineral components to PM10 based on a daily sampling procedure

Samples obtained from an industrialized valley in the East Alpine region were collected daily for a half year and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence to examine the elements Si,Al,Fe,Ca,Mg,Na,K,Zn,P,S and Cl.Some factors affecting the changes of these elements were considered,including time,elemental correlations,weekday,weekend and seasonal changes.Diagnostic analysis provided an insight into a decoupling behavior that occursin siliceous and carbonates minerals.A decrease in Si and Al and an increase in carbonates,Na,K,Zn and P were observed during the cold season.However,a consistently high correlation of Si and Al was observed in all seasons.It was established that such high levels originated from street surface abrasion.The increase in variability and absolute levels of carbonates during the cold season was demonstrated by adding carbonates to the street surface as gritting material to increase the grip on snowy surfaces.A marked increase in Na and Cl was observed in winter which may have been caused by thaw salt that is widely used in winter in Austria.This was associated with a significant increase in K,Zn,and P in the cold season that was the result of domestic space heating with wood.PM10 levels in December were 12 μg/m3 and were higher than levels detected in July.It was established that such high levels originated from mineral oxides,wood smoke,and inorganic ionic material(s).     

天山南坡库尔勒市大气对流层NO_2垂直柱浓度特征

基于地基多轴差分吸收光谱技术(Multi-axis different optical absorption spectroscopy,简称MAX-DOAS),分析位于天山南坡典型干旱区城市,库尔勒市大气对流层NO2垂直柱浓度(Vertical column densities简称VCD)分布、变化,以了解其变化规律和分布特点。研究表明:(1)库尔勒不同观测点对流层NO2VCD高低表现为,农田区新市区老城区,农田区NO2浓度最大达到3.40×1015molec/cm2。(2)市区观测点,新城区和老城区对流层NO2浓度变化趋势基本一致,呈现V和U字形变化趋势,早上和晚间浓度较高,中午浓度较低,市区浓度变化范围分别为1.91×1015~4.02×1015、0.22×1015~4.59×1015molec/cm2。(3)农田呈现出与市区不同的变化趋势,农田观测区中午之前浓度较低,中午之后NO2浓度呈现升高的趋势     

半干法钙基烟气脱硫技术

阐述了半干法脱硫机理和影响因素以及容易出现的问题及其解决方法。针对半干法脱硫剂利用率低、Ca／S高的问题，提出了几种提高脱硫剂利用率的技术。     

土壤重金属污染的酶学诊断——紫色土中的镉、铜、铅、砷对水稻根系过氧化物酶的影响

通过四川酸性紫色土、中性紫色土,石灰性紫色土中不同浓度的Cd、Cu、Pb、As对水稻根系过氧化物酶的影响研究,揭示了过氧化物酶受抑制与产生抗性的过程.在低浓度时,上述元素对过氧化物酶的影响能反映土壤类型影响的差别.确定了三种紫色土中Cd、Cu、Pb、As的临界浓度.     

Adsorption characteristic of bensulfuron-methyl at variable added Pb^2＋ concentrations on paddy soils

The combined pollution of heavy metal Pb²⁺ and bensulfuron-methyl (BSM), originating from chemical herbicides, in agroecological environments has become commonplace in southern China. The adsorption of BSM on three paddy soils in the presence of Pb²⁺ was examined using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Results indicated that adsorption of BSM could accurately be described by a Freundlich isotherm equation with correlation constant (R) > 0.98, irrespective of the presence of spiked Pb²⁺. Of the various factors influencing BSM sorption, soil pH appeared to be the most influential. The constant K_f of Freundlich isotherm equation tended to increase with increasing Pb²⁺ concentration in soil which indicated that the spiked of Pb²⁺ in paddy soils would promote the sorption of BSM. ΔG^θ of BSM in three paddy soils was less than 40 kJ/mol in all treatments, indicating the adsorption of BSM is mainly physical in nature. The elution of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced the adsorption of BSM in paddy soils. The mechanisms involved in the promotion effects of the spiked Pb²⁺ on BSM adsorption might be the modified surface characteristics of paddy soil solids due to the soil acidification and the increase of soil organic matter concentration because of DOM binding.     

进水底物浓度对蔗糖废水产酸合成PHA影响研究

混合菌群合成生物可降解塑料(PHA)成为目前研究的热点,三段式PHA合成工艺(水解产酸、产PHA菌富集、PHA合成)被广泛应用.在三段式工艺中,产PHA菌的富集非常关键,只有稳定产生PHA菌才能保障PHA合成的产量.针对产PHA菌富集系统容易出现污泥膨胀的问题,本研究考察了进水底物浓度对产PHA菌富集效率及运行稳定性的影响.在560mg·L-1、1 120 mg·L-1、1 680 mg·L-1这3组不同进水底物浓度的对比实验中,证实了COD 1 120 mg·L-1条件下富集反应器能够在较短污泥龄下稳定富集具有较高污泥浓度的高效产PHA菌,且不会发生污泥膨胀.在94 d的富集期后其批次实验最大PHA含量、PHA转化率(COD/COD)及PHA比合成速率能分别达到50%、0.714 5及0.191 2 mg·(mg·h)-1.研究还同时证实细胞内糖原水平高低与其PHA合成能力密切相关,可采用其作为富集效果的重要检测指标之一.     

基于极限学习机回归的海水Chla浓度预测方法

有效监测海水Chl a浓度状况对近海赤潮等海洋灾害的预警预报有着重要意义。运用灰色关联分析法确定预测模型的输入变量,可有效降低预测模型系统维数。采用极限学习机回归方法建立海水Chl a浓度预测模型,通过与广义回归神经网络、支持向量机回归二种模型的预测效果进行对比,表明极限学习机回归预测模型具有较好的预测精度、预测效率和泛化能力,能够实现针对研究水域环境下Chl a浓度的有效预测。