固相反硝化去除循环水养殖系统中的硝酸盐

循环水养殖与传统养殖方式相比,具有节水、节地、高密度集约化和排放可控的特点,符合可持续发展要求,是水产养殖业发展的必然趋势。水处理技术是决定循环水养殖系统能否稳定运行的关键技术。利用常规水处理技术(生物过滤)可以有效去除循环水产养殖系统中的氨氮、有机物和亚硝酸盐,使水质得到一定程度的净化,但常常造成硝酸盐的积累。文章综述了生物反硝化技术去除循环水养殖系统中硝酸盐的研究进展,重点讨论了一种新型的脱硝技术—固相反硝化的原理、影响因素及应用现状,并对其未来的核心研究方向进行了展望。     

畜禽养殖废水铬污染研究

随着现代畜禽养殖业的发展,畜禽养殖场排放的污染物越来越严重地污染环境,同时由于畜禽养殖的饲料中需要掺入畜禽所需微量元素铬,具有较大的污染隐患。本研究发现畜禽养殖废水是农村溪流铬污染的重要来源;在南山溪中,T—Cr浓度符合C=0．74Coe^-0.1205t（R^2=0．7366）规律衰减变化,Cr（Ⅵ）浓度符合C=0．806Coe^-0.1345t（R^2=0．5927）规律衰减变化;水体中Cr（Ⅵ）与T—Cr含量的关系较为显著（R^2为0．7188）,水体T—Cr含量与底质T—Cr含量的相关性较差（R^2为0．1839）。     

Effects of seawater salinity on nitrite accumulation in short-range nitrification to nitrite as end product

The effect of seawater salinity on nitrite accumulation in short-range nitrification to nitrite as the end product was studied by using a SBR. Experimental results indicated that the growth of nitrobacteria was inhibited and very high levels of nitrite accumulation at different salinities were achieved under the conditions of 25--28℃, pH 7.5--8.0, and the influent ammonia nitrogen of 40--70mg/L when seawater flow used to flush toilet was less than 35% (salinity 12393 mg/L, Cl^- 6778mg/L) of total domestic wastewater flow, which is mainly ascribed to much high chlorine concentration of seawater. Results showed that high seawater salinity is available for short-range nitrification to nitrite as the end product. When the seawater flow used to flush toilet accounting for above 70% of the total domestic wastewater flow, the removal efficiency of ammonia was still above 80% despite the removal of organics declined obviously(less than 60% ). It was found that the effect of seawater salinity on the removal of organics was negative rather than positive one as shown for ammonia removal.     

Degradation kinetics and products of triazophos in intertidal sediment

This work presents taboratory studies on the degradation of triazophos in intertidat sediment. The overall degradations were found to follow the first-order decay model. After being incubated for 6 d, the percentage of degradations of triazophos in unsterilized and sterilized sediments were 94.5% and 20.5%, respectively. Between the temperatures of 15℃ and 35℃, the observed degradation rate constant（kob,d） enhanced as the incubation temperature increased. Triazophos in sediment degraded faster under aerobic condition than under anaerobic one. The water content of sediment had little influence on the degradation when it was in the range of 50%-100%. The values of kobsd decreased with increasing initial concentration of triazophos in sediment, which could result from the microorganism inhibition by triazophos. Four major degradation products, o, o-diethyl phosphorothioic acid, monoethyl phosphorothioic acid, phosphorothioic acid, and 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-1, 2,4-triazole, were tentatively identified as their corresponding trimethylsilyl derivatives with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The possible degradation pathway of triazophos in intertidal sediment was proposed. The results revealed that triazophos in intertidal sediment was relatively unstable and coutd be easily degraded.     

舟山高浊度海水混凝除浊研究

测定了舟山高浊度海水悬浮物的粒度分布,分析了高浊度海水自由沉降特性,选用氯化铁(FeCl)3、聚合氯化铁(PFC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)3种混凝剂,利用正交试验方法对高浊度海水进行混凝沉淀对比试验,采用极差分析方法研究了影响混凝效果的因素。试验结果表明:舟山海域悬浮物组成以粉砂为主,用自然沉降的方法是很难去除;各因素对浊度去除率影响的主次顺序均为:慢搅时间>慢搅速度>快搅时间>快搅速度;对于高浊度海水混凝除浊最佳水力条件为:快搅时间为2 min,快搅速度为300 r/min,慢搅时间为15 min,慢搅速度为60 r/min;聚合硫酸铁是较理想的絮凝剂,最佳投药量范围在15～25 mg/L,对浊度去除率高达99%以上。     

铸铁在流动海水中的腐蚀行为

总结了笔者曾经进行过的3次有关铸铁在含沙流动海水中的腐蚀试验研究工作.研究结果表明：在腐蚀速率方面,铸铁与普通碳钢相似;但在腐蚀形貌方面,局部腐蚀倾向比普通碳钢明显减轻.灰铸铁添加3%的镍,不能改善其在含沙流动海水中的腐蚀行为,反而增大了局部腐蚀敏感性.镍的质量分数超过7%的铸铁在含沙流动海水中的耐蚀性能显著提高.其腐蚀率随镍含量的增加而明显降低,且没有点蚀发生.添加铬虽然能降低其腐蚀率,但局部腐蚀敏感性显著增大.     

夏季海水养殖区大型网箱内外沉降颗粒物通量

通过模拟实验,研究了爱伦湾抗风浪网箱沉降颗粒物(SPM)的通量,估算了12h内SPM中无机氮(IN)、(无机磷)IP的释放速度.结果表明,由于投饵不当,残饵和粪便大量产生,严重影响水域生源要素的生物地球化学行为.SPM通量、POC、TN、TP的通量均为网箱内大于网箱外.SPM的C/N为21.6～69.2,说明在浅海区沉降过程中,N的分解较快,爱伦湾是低生产力水域.N/P为0.54～0.99,颗粒物中氮缺乏.短期内,SPM都释放IN、IP. SPM对NH4+-N有一定的吸附特性,SPM中POC 71%～76%被释放,TP 88%～97%被释放,TN的吸附率为44%～94%.     

南海海域重要养殖水域牡蛎体中的腹泻性贝类毒素

对2006年和2007年南海海域23个重要养殖水域牡蛎体中腹泻性贝类毒素(DSP)进行了调查,结果表明:甲子港、唐家湾、镇海湾、安埔港、防城港、八所港和榆林港等7个水域牡蛎体DSP毒性呈阳性结果,占调查水域的30.4%,其DSP值均为0.05MU/g.2006年牡蛎体DSP检出率为8.7%(n=23),2007年为21.7%(n=23).调查期间,牡蛎体DSP检出值0.05MU/g已达到了FDA(美国食品药物管理局)、日本、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、朝鲜等6个国家食用贝类标准警戒限量水平,和超出了我国<无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质的限量>规定贝类DSP不得检出标准,表明了近期南海海域某些养殖水域的牡蛎已经受到了DSP毒化的威胁.     

神经网络在海水腐蚀预测中的应用

根据我国材料自然环境腐蚀网站长期以来积累的海水腐蚀数据,采用BP人工神经网络算法,建立了碳钢及低合金钢的海水腐蚀预测模型.该模型以合金成分、环境因素为输入参数,以平均腐蚀速率为输出参数.以碳钢、低合金钢的17种钢种在青岛、厦门、榆林海水腐蚀试验站16年腐蚀数据建模.选定A3钢与10CrCuSiV在以上三地16年的腐蚀数据为验证样本.结果表明该网络具有良好的预测精度,能够正确反映海水环境腐蚀性因素及金属材料腐蚀暴露时间与其腐蚀速率的关系,用于碳钢及低合金钢在海洋全浸环境中的腐蚀预测.     

怎么才能降低海水淡化成本?

自主研发以提高关键材料和关键设备的国产化率,增强自主建设大型工程的能力是关键.我国海水淡化工程技术研究工作从1958年就开始了,其中,已投产和将投产的较大规模海水淡化企业包括山东黄岛发电厂、河北黄骅发电厂、大连石油七厂、河北王滩电厂等.海水淡化工程项目主要集中在北方,是因为北方地