Effect of organic/inorganic compounds on the enzymes in soil under acid rain stress

IntroductionEnzymeexistsextensivelyinsoil.Itnotonlycanactivatecomplexorganiccompoundchangeintosimpleinorganiccompoundtosupplytheplants(Srivastava ,1991;Hojeong ,1999)butisalsooneofthesoilcapacityindexesaswell(Yu ,1998;Irvinc ,1993;Zeng ,2 0 0 1) .Theactivityofsoilenzymeiseasilyinfluencedbyphysical,chemicalandbiogenicfactorsinenvironment.Whentheenvironmentispolluted,enzymeactivitieschangesignificantly .Theuseofenzymeactivitiesasbioindicatorstoevaluatethedegreeofsoilcontaminationbyheavymetals…     

Relationship between AtPase activity and conjugated polyamines in mitochondrial membrane from wheat seedling roots under osmotic stress

The effects of osmotic stress on the ATPase activity, the contents of —SH group and conjugated polyamines in mitochondrial membrane from wheat seedling [ Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yumai No. 18 (drought-tolerant) and cv. Yumai No.9(drought-sensitive)] roots were investigated. The results showed that ATPase activity and --SH group content decreased with polyethylene glycol(PEG) 6000( - 0.55 MPa) treatment for 7 d, in concert with the decrease of the ratio of noncovalently conjugated spermidine (NCC-Spd)/noncovalently conjugated putrescine(NCC-Put) and increase of the covalently conjugated putrescine (CC-Put). Osmotic stress injury to Yangmai No.9 seedlings was alleviated greatly with 1 mmol/L exogenous spermidine(Spd), in concert with marked increases of the ratio of NCC-Spd/NCC-Put, --SH group contents and ATPase activity in mitochondrial membrane. Under osmotic stress, the concomitant treatment of Yumai No. 18 seedlings with methylglyoxyl bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), an inhibitor of S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase(SAMDC), and phenanthrolin ( o-Phen), an inhibitor of transglutaminase(TGase), caused a significant decrease of the ratio of NCC-Spd / NCC-Put, CC-Put contents, respectively, in concert with the marked decreases of ATPase activity, --SH group content and its tolerance to osmotic stress. All the results above suggested that osmotic stress tolerance of wheat seedlings was associated with the ATPase activity, the contents of --SH group, NCC-Spd and CC-Put in mitochondrial membrane.     

Changes of plasma membrane AtPase activity, membrane potential and transmembrane proton gradient in Kandelia candel and Avicennia marina seedlings with various salinities

The salt-secreting mangrove, Avicennia marina, and non-salt-secreting mangrove, Kande/ia candel were cultivated in sand with various salinities(0‰, 100‰, 20‰, 30‰, 40‰) for 60 d. Plasma membrane vesicles of highpurity in leaves and roots of A. marina and K. candel seedlings were obtained by two-phase partitioning. The function of the plasma membranes, the activity of ATPase, membrane potential and transmembrane proton gradient, at various salinities were investigated. The results showed that within a certain range of salinity( A. marina and roots of K. candel: 0-30‰; leaves of K. candel: 0-20‰), the activity of ATPase increased with increasing salinity, while high salinity (above 30‰ or 20‰) inhibited ATPase activity. In comparison with A. marina, K.candel appeared to be more sensitive to salinity. The dynamics of membrane potential and transmembrane proton gradient in leaves and roots of A. marina and K. candel seedlings were similar to that of ATPase. When treated directly by NaCl all the indexes were inhibited markedly: there was a little increase within 0-10‰( K. candel) or 0-20‰( A. marina) followed by sharp declining. It indicated that the structure and function of plasma membrane was damaged severely.     

总微囊藻毒素免疫检测及其预处理方法研究

在验证广谱型微囊藻毒素酶联免疫分析试剂盒性能基础上,主要研究了基于我国与美国分别推荐的水样预处理方式所检测的地表水中微囊藻毒素浓度差异.结果表明：(1)酶联免疫分析试剂盒对微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的检出限为0.04μg·L^-1,并在0.08～1.00μg·L^-1的浓度范围内表现出良好的线性检测范围;(2)基于我国与美国分别推荐的水样预处理方式,后者测得的微囊藻毒素浓度普遍高于前者(最大差值：前者未检出,后者为(0.25±0.01)μg·L^-1),且基于两者所测试的地表水样中的微囊藻毒素浓度均低于世界卫生组织(WHO)对饮用水中MC-LR所设定的残留限值;(3)酶联免疫分析试剂盒在对上述未检出水样进行加标检测时,回收率为80%～120%,变异系数低于16%,表明上述地表水中微囊藻毒素的检测结果具有较高的准确度.     

蚯蚓对植物修复石油烃污染土壤的影响

石油使用量的增大导致石油污染量的增加.为经济有效地修复低污染浓度的石油烃污染土壤,了解蚯蚓对植物去除土壤石油烃的影响,探讨蚯蚓对土壤石油烃污染的修复效应,通过人工制备石油烃污染土壤,采用植物[紫茉莉（Mirabilis jalapa L.）、凤仙花（Impatiens balsamina L.）、西伯利亚鸢尾（Iris sibirica L.）]以及植物-蚯蚓[赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetda）]两种处理模式进行60 d的盆栽试验,通过测定土壤中w（石油烃）、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性变化来解析蚯蚓对植物修复土壤石油烃效率的影响.结果表明:相同处理条件下,凤仙花、紫茉莉与西伯利亚鸢尾土壤中石油烃去除率分别为36.32%、32.70%、29.82%,凤仙花的土壤修复效果最佳.添加蚯蚓后,对应凤仙花、紫茉莉与西伯利亚鸢尾土壤中石油烃的去除率分别为40.73%、36.10%、32.80%,显著高于未添加蚯蚓土壤,表明添加蚯蚓能够促进植物对土壤中石油烃的修复效果.土壤修复过程中过氧化氢酶与多酚氧化酶活性总体呈上升趋势,添加蚯蚓对土壤酶活性具有刺激作用.土壤中过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶活性均与w（石油烃）呈显著负相关（相关系数分别为-0.79和-0.90,P均小于0.05）,说明土壤中过氧化氢酶与多酚氧化酶可能参与了土壤中石油烃的降解过程.研究显示,蚯蚓能够强化植物对石油污染土壤的修复效果,为植物/蚯蚓联合修复石油污染土壤提供了技术依据.      

船底防污漆管理信息

海环会第 47届会议考虑了 2 0 0 1年 1 0月《国际控制有害船底防污系统公约》获通过以后接着采取的行动。根据该新公约的条款 ,要求缔约方对悬挂其国旗的船舶或虽无资格悬挂其国旗但有其授权下营运的船舶及所有进入缔约方港口、船厂、近岸装卸站的船舶禁止 /或限制使用有害船底     

木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶对染料脱色的性能比较

通过控制培养基中Mn2+的浓度获得只含有木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)或锰过氧化物酶(MnP)的单一酶培养物,用于比较LiP和MnP对染料降解脱色的条件和能力的差异.结果表明,LiP对橙Ⅰ降解脱色的最佳条件为h2O₂0.15 mmol/L,pH 3.0,温度40 ℃;MnP为h2O₂0.15 mmol/L,pH 3.5,温度40 ℃.最佳条件下,考察LiP和MnP作用下染料浓度和染料类型对脱色的影响,发现LiP作用下脱色率明显高于MnP作用下的脱色率,表明LiP可作用的染料浓度比MnP高,可作用的染料范围比MnP大.由此认为LiP具有比MnP更强的脱色能力.      

天然秸秆纤维素分解菌的分离选育

从土壤、酒糟、腐烂的玉米秸秆及牛粪中共分离到14株能分解纤维素的真菌菌株,外加已保藏的10株共24株菌株。分别对其进行了滤纸分解度、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)酶活和天然纤维素酶活的测定。筛选出6株对天然纤维素有较强的降解能力,酶活力在60mg/mL.d以上的菌株。通过改变其培养基中天然纤维素的含量,发现随着培养基中天然纤维素含量的减少,酶活力也随之降低。     

生物法净化有机污染物的酶反应动力学修正

以生化法处理有机污染物的系统为讨论对象 ,从底物负荷影响微生物生长的角度出发 ,通过对有机污染物负荷与生化反应速度之间的关系的分析 ,得出进口底物浓度的大小会影响生物反应器内微生物的量的多少 ,从而影响器内的生化反应速率的结论 ,并按照“稳定平衡”假说的设想 ,建立了修正的Michaelis -Menten公式     

与碳氮循环相关的土壤酶活性对施用氮磷肥的响应

通过测定土壤酶活性和微生物量来评估施化肥对冬小麦土壤中参与碳(C)、氮(N)循环酶活性的影响.实验设氮(N)、磷(P)两个影响因子,4个处理分别是仅施P(SP)、仅施N(SN)、施N和P(P+N)、对照(CK,无施肥),测定冬小麦开花期和成熟期土壤纤维素酶、脱氢酶、脲酶和蛋白酶活性和开花期土壤微生物量.结果表明:纤维素酶活性在冬小麦两个生育期都是P+N处理中最高,分别为0.056μg·g-1·h-1(以葡萄糖计)和0.041μg·g-1·h-1(以葡萄糖计),显著高于CK.脱氢酶活性在冬小麦两个生育期都是P+N处理中最高,分别为0.46μg·g-1·h-1(以TPF计)和0.31μg·g-1·h-1(以TPF计),显著高于CK,SP和SN处理与CK有显著差异.脲酶活性在冬小麦两个生育期都是SN处理中最高,分别为54.2μg·g-1·h-1(以NH3-N计)和63.9μg·g-1·h-1(以NH3-N计),显著高于CK.蛋白酶活性在开花期SP处理中最大,成熟期CK处理中最大,分别为0.61μg·g-1·h-1(以酪氨酸计)和0.31μg·g-1·h-1(以酪氨酸计).除脲酶外,成熟期酶活性低于开花期.N和P交互作用通过增加土壤放线菌、菌根真菌生物量和作物地下生物量显著增加了纤维素酶和脱氢酶活性,通过降低土壤pH和增加铵态氮量显著降低了土壤蛋白酶活性,通过提高N利用率,降低了脲酶活性.