长江口滨岸及近海水体中胶体的分布和理化性质研究

利用切向流超滤技术(CFUF)分离出长江口滨岸及近海水体中的胶体,并对其稳定性和物质组成进行了定量分析.结果表明,XP和WSK胶体的尺寸和Zeta-电位随pH的升高而减小,XP、WSK胶体的等电点分别出现在pH<2、pH=3.8;所采水样的胶体有机碳(COC,M r1×103~1μm)浓度为7.7~35.7μmol·L-1,占总溶解有机碳(DOC)的7.1%~41.7%;三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)分析发现研究区出现类色氨酸荧光峰、类紫外富里酸荧光峰和类腐殖质荧光峰;胶体态Na、Mg、K、Ca、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Li、Mn、Ni平均分别占溶解态的0.33%、5.7%、0.975%、1%、7.2%、7%、11.9%、15.7%、5.5%、10.5%、11.3%.Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Li、Mn、Ni与COC的结合能力大于Na、Mg、K、Ca.相关分析表明,胶体的尺寸、DOC、真溶解有机碳(UOC)与盐度呈负相关,COC与盐度无线性关系,胶体态痕量金属(Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Li、Mn、Ni)总浓度与COC呈线性关系.     

中国近海沉积物在生源要素循环中的功能

中国近海沉积物中生源要素的含量与其粒度、河流输入等诸多因素有关。一般沉积物粒度由粗到细 ,有机质含量由低到高 ,OC ,N ,P的含量递增 ,S和Si含量递减。沉积物的生物地球化学环境涉及到Eh ,pH ,温度 ,OC含量 ,Fe3 /Fe2 值 ,水动力条件 ,沉积物的颗粒大小和间隙水的S体系 ,以及生物扰动等因素 ,它们影响着沉积物中生源要素的早期成岩过程和循环。一般而言 ,中国近海沉积物—海水界面S2 -,HS-,H4SiO4,PO43 -,NH4 的扩散通量是从沉积物向上覆水 ,而SO42 -,HCO3 -,NO3 -,NO2 -的扩散通量从上覆水向沉积物中扩散。生物扰动对沉积物—海水界面生源要素的循环起重要作用。     

改进取样方法提高含油废水中CODcr值的准确度

化学需氧量(CODcr)和石油类都是中国实施水污染物排放总量控制指标,也是环境监测的常测项目.CODcr是反映水体中受还原性物质主要是有机物污染程度的综合性指标.矿物油和动、植物油统称为油类,是废水中常见的有机污染物,对CODcr的贡献较大.探索水体中CODcr值与油类物质含量之间的相关性,对CODcr值准确性的判断有一定指导意义.改进含油废水的取样方法,有利于提高CODcr测定值的准确性和代表性.     

Investigation on Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd fractions in the natural surface coating samples and surficial sediments in the Songhua River, China

Natural surface coating samples （NSCSs） from the surface of shingles and surficial sediments （SSs） in the Songhua River, China were employed to investigate the relationship between NSCSs and SSs in fractions of heavy metals （Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd） using the modified sequential extraction procedure （MSEP）. The results show that the differences between NSCSs and SSs in Fe fi＇actions were insignificant and Fe was dominantly present as residual phase （76.22% for NSCSs and 80.88% for SSs） and Fe-oxides phase （20.33% for NSCSs and 16.15% for SSs）. Significant variation of Mn distribution patterns between NSCSs and SSs was observed with Mn in NSCSs mainly present in Mn-oxides phase （48.27%） and that in SSs present as residual phase （45.44%）. Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were found dominantly in residual fractions （〉48%）, and next in solid oxides/hydroxides for Zn, Pb and Cd and in easily oxidizable solids/compounds form for Cu, respectively. The heavy metal distribution patterns implied that Fe/Mn oxides both in NSCSs and SSs were more important sinks for binding and adsorption of Zn, Pb and Cd than organic matter （OM）, and inversely, higher affinity of Cu to OM than Fe/Mn oxides in NSCSs and SSs was obtained. Meanwhile, it was found that the distributions of heavy metals in NSCSs and SSs were similar to each other and the pseudo-total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in NSCSs were greater than those in SSs, highlighting the more importance for NSCSs than SSs in controlling behaviours of heavy metals in aquatic environments.     

Effects of the surface chemistry of macroreticular adsorbents on the adsorption of 1-naphthol/1-naphthylamine mixtures from water

The adsorption behaviors of 1-naphthol, 1-naphthylamine and l-naphthol/l-naphthylamine mixtures in water over two macroreticular adsorbents were investigated in single or binary batch systems at 293 K, 303 K and 313 K respectively. All the adsorption isotherms in the studied systems can be adequately fitted by Langmuir model. In the case of aminated macroreticular adsorbent NDA103, 1-naphthol is adsorbed to a larger extent than 1-naphthylamine; while, the opposite trend is found for nonpolar macroreticular adsorbent NDA100. It is noteworthy that at higher temperature（303 K and 313 K）, the total uptake amounts of 1-naphthol and 1-naphthylamine in all binary-component systems are obvious larger than the pure uptake amounts in single-component systems, which is presumably due to the cooperative effect primarily arisen from the hydrogen-bonding interaction between the loaded 1-naphthol and 1-naphthylamine molecules. The simultaneous adsorption systems were confirmed to be helpful to the selective adsorption towards 1-naphthol according to the larger selective index.     

水体中氨氮污染来源及其控制——富营养化的思考

本文从营养学的角度,叙述氮源对水体富营养化的产生和危害,并从生态系统中物质循环分析氨氮的多方来源,根据其不同来源提出相应的控制措施。     

我国环境污染治理的障碍及对策

环境污染的现状 环境污染是指人类在生产、生活过程中向环境排放超过环境自净能力的物质或能量,从而降低环境质量,影响人类及其他生物生存和发展的现象.环境污染给人类社会造成的危害极大,据有关资料统计,我国环境污染与生态破坏造成的损失每年达2000多亿元.     

焦化废水回用作循环冷却水的腐蚀特性

采用静态旋转挂片法研究了焦化废水回用作循环冷却水的可行性,主要对焦化废水生化处理出水和焦化废水深度处理出水的腐蚀特性进行考察.结果表明,焦化废水生化处理出水腐蚀速率较小,仅为0.025 573 mm/a,远远低于《水处理剂缓蚀性能的测定 旋转挂片法》(GB/T18175—2000)标准值(≤0.125 mm/a),挂片表面腐蚀轻微,仅有几个点蚀,不需深度处理即可回用作循环冷却水.通过UV-Vis,FTIR及GC/MS分析可知,焦化废水生化处理出水中含有C—O,CO等极性官能团及非极性基团,与目前常用有机缓蚀剂结构相似,在回用作循环冷却水的过程中可能起到缓蚀剂的作用.      

一种快腐菌剂在堆肥制作中的应用研究

在接种和未接种条件下,研究了一种菌剂YD-KFI对堆肥制作效果.结果发现,接种该菌剂加快堆肥升温速度、提高最高温度、延长高温维持时间;堆肥制作的升温期和高温期,接种菌剂分别促进了淀粉、可溶性糖和粗纤维等物质的降解,加快了堆肥的腐熟进程.采用PCR-DGGE方法,分析该菌剂对堆肥制作不同阶段微生物群落的影响,发现在堆肥制...     

岩溶关键带微量元素运移的时空变化:以豫西鸡冠洞为例

为探索岩溶关键带元素运移时空变化特征及过程,自2009年10月至2015年5月对我国北方典型岩溶关键带——河南西部鸡冠洞相互作用带中各组分(大气降水、土壤、基岩、洞穴滴水、洞穴现代沉积物)进行了连续定点监测及取样分析,共获得650个实验数据.对比了Ca、Mg、Ba、Sr、δ~(13)C及元素比值在不同组分中的变化情况及运移规律.结果表明:(1)土壤与基岩是滴水的主要物质来源,Mg、Ba、Sr符合"土壤-基岩"二元物源模型,但各自所占比例并不相同.(2)在空间上,洞穴系统相互作用带中各元素迁移相互联系.滴水继承了土壤及基岩的信号,现代沉积物又能延续滴水各元素的信息.元素在土壤纵剖面中表现出了明显的淋溶和淀积作用,最下层土壤较好地继承了基岩中微量元素的信息.(3)在时间上,洞穴系统相互作用带中各元素迁移复杂多变.土壤及滴水受降水淋滤作用影响皆表现明显的季节差异,然在岩溶水运移路径、PCP作用、极端干旱和年降水雨型的影响下,滴水元素浓度旱、雨季差异明显较土壤小.而PCP作用及元素选择性淋滤等因素又改变了沉积物中元素对滴水元素的延续特性.