有机肥与化肥的生产能耗、投入成本和环境效益比较分析——以污泥堆肥生产有机肥为例

针对目前国内肥料生产和施用现状,分别从能耗、成本和污染物排放等三个方面对有机肥和化肥进行比较分析。化肥生产呈现高能耗和高污染排放,而有机肥则表现为低能耗、无污染的特点,同时还可消纳废弃物,减轻污染负荷。从投入成本上分析,化肥相对于有机肥具有一定优势,其单位面积和折纯养分投入分别是有机肥的53%和26%。有机肥相对于化肥,其污染物排放负荷很低。从节能减排和降低投入的角度,提出支持基于废弃物资源化的有机肥产业化发展。     

新工艺 新模式 东辽县农业源减排走新路

东辽县不仅是吉林省的农业大县,也是东辽河的源头。长期以来,部分养殖集中的村屯禽畜粪便随意堆放的现象十分严重,对东辽河水环境质量构成严重威胁。近两年来,东辽县政府开展对东辽河两岸村     

沼液利用途径分析

沼液是畜禽粪便厌氧发酵后的残留液,其中包含的矿物质丰富,如对其进行合理利用,将给人类带来一定的经济价值;如不妥善处置,沼液的随意排放将引起湖泊、河流富营养化等环境污染问题.我国沼液的主要利用方式包括直接归田、沼液浸种、叶面肥、饲料添加剂等,其中直接归田是当前沼液最主要的利用方式,但沼液直接归田也存在很大的环境风险.因此,开发低成本、高效益的沼液安全利用途径是我国今后研究的重要方向.     

Effects of bio-organic fertilizers on pineapple heart rot and bacterial community structure北大核心CSCD

Heart rot is a common soil-borne disease in the pineapple industry, but the situation can be alleviated by the application of bio-fertilizers with beneficial microbiomes. Clarifying the controlling mechanism of bio-organic fertilizer on the high incidence of heart rot is critical in monocultural pineapple cropping patterns. In our study, the soil of continuous cropping pineapple orchards was collected. Three types of carriers (rapeseed cake, peat soil, and coconut bran), biocontrol strains (Bacillus subtilis HL2 and Streptomyces strain HL3), and organic fertilizer (YJ) were composted into different bio-fertilizers (KC, KN, KY, LC, LN, and LY), which were used in pot experiments. The controlling effect of the bio-fertilizer was determined based on the response of pineapple heart rot and bacterial communities to different fertilizing methods. Our results revealed that the incidence of heart rot in bio-fertilizer KC was the lowest, which decreased by 20% and 13.3%, respectively, compared to HF (chemical fertilizer, 16-16-16) and YJ (organic fertilizer). The richness and diversity of soil bacterial communities in all biofertilized treatments (KC, KN, KY, LC, LN, and LY) were significantly higher than those in HF. However, the α-diversity indices of the bio-fertilizers (KC, KN, and KY) were higher than those of LC, LN, and LY, and the bacterial community composition was significantly different. The bacteria GP4, GP6, Bacillus, and Azohydromonas were enriched in KC, KN, and KY, while the relative abundance of Streptomyces increased significantly in LC, LN, and LY. Furthermore, Spearman correlation analysis showed that the relative abundance of these bacterial groups was significantly negatively correlated with the incidence of pineapple heart rot. In summary, the application of bio-organic fertilizers can decrease the incidence of pineapple heart rot by altering the soil bacterial community structure and stimulating beneficial soil microorganisms, which is important for reconstructing the ecological balance in continuous pineapple orchards. © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.     

稻草型生物有机肥对萝卜的作用效果

为推广应用稻草型生物有机肥,采用田间小区试验研究了稻草型生物有机肥对萝卜(Raphanus sativus)功能叶叶绿素含量、碳氮代谢关键酶活性、萝卜产量和品质的影响.结果表明:稻草型生物有机肥处理Ⅰ与等NPK养分施用量的纯化肥处理Ⅱ和菜枯肥处理Ⅲ相比,可提高萝卜功能叶叶绿素含量、防止功能叶早衰;提高硝酸还原酶、蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶三种碳氮代谢关键酶活性.处理Ⅰ使萝卜的产量分别比处理Ⅱ和处理Ⅲ提高4.48%、6.01%,维生素C分别提高22.48%、28.24%,可溶性糖含量分别提高10.39%、19.91%,萝卜硝酸盐含量分别下降8.78%和16.67%,且以上4个指标处理Ⅰ与处理Ⅱ和处理Ⅲ的差异均达极显著水平,此外亚硝酸盐含量也明显降低.     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱检测猪粪中残留的四环素类抗生素

本研究建立了超高效液相色谱/四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱(UPLC/Q-ToF Ms/Ms)测定猪粪中残留土霉素、四环素和金霉素的方法.样品分别经Mc Ⅰ lvaine-Na2EDTA缓冲液和超声提取、SPE固相萃取后,采用超高效液相色谱分离,紫外检测外标法定量,四级杆-飞行时间串联质谱仪正离子模式定性.在0.5mg·kg-1DW-10 mg·kg-1Dw(dry weight)范围内,土霉素、四环素、金霉素的标准曲线R2均大于0.99,相对标准偏差小于3%,样品加标平均回收率在70.0%-113.0%之间;采用该方法,土霉素、四环素和金霉素的检测可在5min内完成,它们的检出限分别为0.1 mg·kg-1,0.1 mg·kg-1和0.2 mg·kg-1.北京地区万头养猪场猪粪样品的检测结果表明,这3种四环素均有不同程度的检出,其中土霉素浓度范围10.5mg·kg-1DW-513.4 mg·kg-1DW,四环素浓度范围12.53-77.10 mg·kg-1Dw,金霉素浓度范围0.0-19.22 mg·kg-1Dw.     

氧化塘底泥对作物生长影响的研究

本文通过农田试验 ,得出氧化塘底泥可以改良土壤结构、增加有机质含量、微生物数量、提高作物产量的结论。因此 ,底泥可以作为一种有机肥应用于农业。     

生物肥料对香蕉枯萎病及土壤微生物的影响

香蕉枯萎病是真菌引起的一种土传病害,它的蔓延已经严重影响到香蕉产业的正常发展.将腐熟的有机肥与3种生防细菌(枯草芽胞杆菌、胶质芽胞杆菌和巨大芽胞杆菌)结合,组合成生物复混肥和生物有机肥,将它们施用在香蕉上,研究其对枯萎病病害防治效果.盆栽香蕉试验结果显示,2种肥料不仅能抑制香蕉枯萎病(防病效果分别为61.5%和53.8%),同时也引起土壤微生物群落发生变化,真菌数量明显下降,放线菌明显升高,细菌变化较小.通过相关分析发现,生物肥料中3种生防细菌总数与土壤中枯萎菌和普通真菌呈显著负相关,而与防病效果呈极显著正相关,有机肥中细菌与土壤细菌和放线菌含量也呈显著正相关.     

土霉素降解菌TJ-1在猪粪无害化处理中的作用

利用普通理化分析结合Biolog微平板技术研究了土霉素高效降解菌Staphylococcus sp.TJ-1在新鲜猪粪无害化处理中的作用.结果表明,土霉素高效降解菌的接种能显著提高猪粪中土霉素的降解效率(p＜0.05),21d堆肥结束时可将土霉素降解率从62.7％提升至82.0％.堆肥结束后,不接种降解菌的普通堆肥工艺和接种降解菌的高效堆肥工艺中NH+4-N含量分别为189.34、42.36 mg·kg-1,NO-3-N含量分别为439.38、238.06 mg·kg-1.Biolog结果显示,土霉素降解菌TJ-1对土霉素中碳源的代谢有利于堆体中氨基酸类及芳香族化合物等氮源的降解,缓解了堆体中有毒有害物质对其他微生物的损伤,保证了微生物群落的多样性和活性,对维护堆体生态系统的稳定性具有良好作用.因此,接种高效降解菌进行堆肥是一种良好的消除抗生素残留的猪粪无害化工艺.     

有机肥对土壤NO3--N累积的影响

长期定位试验和调查取样的结果表明,土壤中NO3--N的累积量随有机肥施用量的增加而增加,过量施用有机肥会引起2 m以下深层次土壤中NO3--N的大量累积。当有机肥和无机肥配合施用时,土壤中NO3--N的累积量随总施N量的增加而增加。有机肥对土壤NO3--N累积的影响和对地下水的潜在威胁不容忽视。