污水处理厂CANON工艺小试

在污水处理厂进行CANON工艺小试.试验以污水处理厂A/O除磷工艺出水为基质,启动并运行CANON生物滤柱.第48 d时,反应器氨氮去除率连续10 d大于90%,总氮去除率在70%以上,CANON生物滤柱启动成功.第49~129 d,反应器内部DO控制在较低水平(0.2~0.5 mg·L~(-1)),出水几乎不含氨氮.最大出水总氮浓度为15.6 mg·L~(-1),超过一级A排放标准,硝化细菌(NOB)出现了过量增殖的现象.第129、169和213 d对滤柱进行反冲洗,使得反应器长期总氮去除率大于70%,出水总氮浓度小于12 mg·L~(-1).出水氨氮和总氮浓度达到了一级A标准,硝化细菌得到了有效抑制.结果表明,反冲洗几乎不会影响滤层结构,对滤料生物膜厚度和功能微生物活性影响较小,对硝化细菌抑制作用较大.在实际工程应用中可以通过定期反冲洗维持CANON工艺稳定运行.     

ZnO-NPs对好氧反硝化细菌Zobellella sp. B307的致毒机制

本文以一株筛自胶州湾沉积物中的好氧反硝化细菌Zobellella sp.B307为研究对象，在短期暴露条件下，通过细菌的生长、脱氮能力，相关酶活以及代谢途径等指标的变化，研究纳米氧化锌（ZnO-NPs）对该菌株的毒性效应；结合锌离子溶出试验、CAT和ROS等氧化应激水平测定，探讨ZnO-NPs对该菌株的致毒机制.结果表明，200mg/L的ZnO-NPs会使菌株硝酸盐氮去除率降至57.53%，LDH升高至对照组的378%，ROS水平高达对照组的5.34倍，SOD活性比对照组升高了60.32%，NIR活性仅为对照组的14.46%；ZnO-NPs主要通过诱导菌株活性氧的生成使其膜通透性改变、相关酶活性下降，并使相关蛋白质、氨基酸的合成及基因表达等代谢通路受到影响，进而抑制该菌株的反硝化能力；游离锌离子的产生可能不是ZnO-NPs对菌株的主要致毒途径.     

水中毒物对硝化反应毒性的快速检测

本文描述了一种利用硝化细菌快速、灵敏的检测急性毒物的方法，该方法将ATU作为亚硝酸细菌的选择性抑制剂，通过测定硝化细菌的耗氧速率来反映毒物毒性作用的大小，同时测定毒物的EC50值。将本方法应用于底泥毒性检测中，与传统方法相经结果一致。     

Role of biologic components in a novel floating-bed combining Ipomoea aquatic,Corbicula fluminea and biofilm carrier media

A novel floating-bed incorporated with water spinach （Ipomoea aquatica）, Asiatic clam （Corbicula fluminea）, and carrier media supported biofilm was developed for eutrophic water purification. The contribu- tions of each biologic component to the removals of total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP） and Chl.a were examined. The nutrient removals due to the direct uptake by either water spinach or Asiatic clam were less than 10%, suggesting a negligible role of biologic assimilation and leaving the biofilm as the indispensable biologic compo- nent in the floating-bed. Chl.a was reduced mainly by Asiatic clams via filter-feeding. Meanwhile, the digestion and excretion of Asiatic clams benefited the proliferation of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, resulting in the improvement of TN removal. In summary, the synergetic effects of water spinach, Asiatic clams and biofilms would promote the eutrophic water treatment performance of floating-bed in comparison with the conventional floating- bed with vegetation as the single biologic component.     

生物膜反应器脱氮性能及其硝化细菌的研究

采用模拟含氮废水对自行设计制作的A/O生物膜反应器进行脱氮性能研究。研究结果表明：在水温为20～23℃、水力停留时间为18h、进水总氮质量浓度为61～78m g/L、曝气量为25L/min、进水COD分别为110～165m g/L和205～272m g/L的条件下,废水的COD去除率均在90%以上,硝化率分别为98%和95%,总氮去除率分别为50%和78%。采用荧光原位杂交技术对反应器各区域中的硝化细菌进行了检测。结果表明,反应器中的硝化菌主要为亚硝化螺菌属和硝化螺菌属,有少量亚硝化单胞菌属和硝化杆菌属存在。亚硝化菌和硝化菌在好氧区数量相对较多,在缺氧区数量相对较少。     

竹丝填充床对高有机负荷及低C/N水质的脱氮特性

利用竹丝填料作为生物载体而组建的接触氧化工艺对高浓度难降解水质和低C/N水质的脱氮特性进行了研究.结果表明,当进水COD为804～5100mg/L,BOD为45.0～1100mg/L,BOD/COD为0.01～0.46的情况下,TN去除率为26.6%～96.95%,出水BOD/COD为0.07～0.75;当COD为98～251mg/L,TN为28.0～105.1mg/L,COD/TN为1.6～4.6时,TN去除率为4.94%～48.8%,说明竹丝填料接触氧化工艺在高浓度难降解水质和低C/N比水质条件下具有很好的脱氮效果,但竹子囊腔内的竹汁会使系统脱氮效果波动;对反应器内的主要菌群的分布特征研究发现,在处理高浓度难降解水质过程中,进、出口处细菌浓度相当;而在处理低C/N水质过程中,细菌、硝化细菌主要分布在反应器的进口处,反硝化细菌沿程均匀分布.     

Bio-reduction of nitrate from groundwater using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor

A hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor(MBfR) using H2 as electron donor was investigated to remove nitrate from groundwater.When nitrate was first introduced to the MBfR,denitrification took place on the shell side of the membranes immediately,and the effluent concentration of nitrate continuously decreased with 100% removal rate on day 45 under the influent nitrate concentration of 5 mg NO3--N/L,which described the acclimating and enriching process of autohydrogenotrophic denitrification bacteria.A series of short-term experiments were applied to investigate the effects of hydrogen pressures and nitrate loadings on denitrification.The results showed that nitrate reduction rate improved as H2 pressure increasing,and over 97% of total nitrogen removal rate was achieved when the nitrate loading increased from 0.17 to 0.34 g NO3--N/(m2 ·day) without nitrite accumulation.The maximum denitrification rate was 384 g N/(m3 ·day).Partial sulfate reduction,which occurred in parallel to nitrate reduction,was inhibited by denitrififcation due to the competition for H2 .This research showed that MBfR is effective for removing nitrate from the contaminated groundwater.     

Heterotrophic ammonium removal characteristics of an aerobic heterotrophic nitrifying-denitrifying bacterium, Providencia rettgeri YL

Bacterium Providencia rettgeri YL was found to exhibit an unusual ability to heterotrophically nitrify and aerobically denitrify various concentrations of ammonium (NH₄⁺-N). In order to further understand its removal ability, several experiments were conducted to identify the growth and ammonium removal response at different carbon to nitrogen (C/N) mass ratios, shaking speeds, temperatures, ammonium concentrations and to qualitatively verify the production of nitrogen gas using gas chromatography techniques. Results showed that under optimum conditions (C/N 10, 30°C, 120 r/min), YL can significantly remove low and high concentrations of ammonium within 12 to 48 h of growth, respectively. The nitrification products hydroxylamine (NH₂OH), nitrite (NO₂⁻) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) as well as the denitrification product, nitrogen gas (N₂), were detected under completely aerobic conditions.     

一株异养脱氮菌的分离及脱氮性能研究

经过野外采样、稀释平板法、富集培养等步骤进行初步筛选得到12株菌,并通过测定其对NH4+-N去除效果,复筛得到1株对NH4+-N去除率最高的菌株,命名为Y8。该菌株为革兰氏阴性杆状菌。通过小试的初步研究,考察了不同碳源、温度、pH值、摇床转速对Y8去除NH4+-N的影响,实验结果表明:Y8在以丁二酸纳为唯一碳源、温度30℃、pH值9.5、转速150 r/min条件下去除NH4+-N效果最好;并且在有氧情况下对NO3--N和NO2--N均有一定去除效果。     

亚热带红壤硝化特性的干土效应响应

风干处理常对土壤中的硝化细菌数量和活性造成显著影响.为研究土壤硝化作用的干土效应,以分别发育于第四纪红土(quaternary red earth,Q)和红砂岩(tertiary red sandstone,S),利用方式为水稻(rice,R)与旱地(upland,U)的4个农田土壤的新鲜土与风干土为供试材料,进行35d的室内培养试验.结果表明,对于无外源铵输入的处理而言,旱地土壤QU的新鲜土和风干土的硝化率分别为48%和54%,SU则分别为76%和78%,硝化作用的干土效应均不显著(p0.05);但干土效应却显著影响了水稻土的硝化作用(QR的新鲜土和风干土的硝化率分别为40%和89%,SR分别为76%和94%,p0.01),且其风干土样的硝化作用表现出明显的微生物激活过程.外源铵的加入促进了土壤的硝化作用强度且使得旱地土壤的干土效应显著,所有供试土壤新鲜土的硝化率均显著高于风干土的硝化率.总之,土壤利用方式显著影响了硝化作用对干土效应的响应,而且利用方式和加铵对硝化作用的干土效应有着极显著的交互作用.