污水厂进水氮指标选取的讨论

氨氮污染物对水环境的综合影响较大,继化学需氧量之后,其有望在"十二五"纳入全国主要水污染物排放约束性控制指标.首先阐述了选取各种氮指标作为污水处理厂氨氮削减量考核指标的可行性.再通过列举苏州新区第一污水厂(改造前)进水中各种氮指标数据,对所做分析加以证明,最后给出结论并提出建议.     

脱氮除磷(NPR)工艺中试研究

NPR工艺是一种活性污泥法和生物膜法相结合的工艺,具有强化脱氮除磷的能力.中试研究采用固定的分段进水比例(厌氧流量∶缺氧流量=7∶3),在污泥龄为10 d的情况下,比较了0.6 m3/h和0.9 m3/h2种流量下对氮磷去除效果,分析了在0.6 m3流量下,工艺是如何对CODCr,NH3-N,PO43-进行去除的.试验发现:在0.6 m3/h流量下:出水稳定达到GB 18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准,在0.9 m3/h流量下,出水稳定达到GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级B标准.     

氧化沟处理煤矿低浓度生活污水运行控制技术探讨

本文给出了济三煤矿生活污水水量和水质情况,以及采用卡鲁塞尔氧化沟处理该低浓度生活污水的工艺流程和特点。详细描述了实际运行过程中培养和驯化适应低浓度生活污水优势菌种的几个步骤,以及防止和控制污泥膨胀和老化的方法。运行试验结果表明：采用污泥回流比150%、控制氧化沟未端溶解氧（DO）1.5 mg/L,能取得最佳的CODcr去除率和总氮（TN）去除率,分别为76.7%和79.8%。     

菌株Desulfovibrio sp. CMX的DNRA性能和影响因素

微生物的硝酸盐异化还原为铵(DNRA)过程对自然界中铵根离子的存在和转化具有重要影响,然而关于SRB菌株DNRA过程影响和机制尚未探明.本文考察了实验室筛选的SRB菌株Desulfovibrio sp.CMX的DNRA能力、影响因素及其影响机制.结果表明,无外加氮源的情况下,分别以10 mmol·L-1NO_3~-和NO_2~-作为唯一电子受体,菌株Desulfovibrio sp.CMX最终NH_4~+生成率分别达到85.8%和97.3%,且无N2和N2O等副产物产生.实验探究了不同外加氮源、不同初始浓度的SO_4~(2-)、S~(2-)对菌株DNRA过程的影响.酵母浸粉作为外加氮源可促进菌株的生长和代谢从而促进菌株DNRA过程;SO_4~(2-)对于NO_3~-还原为NO_2~-阶段起促进作用,而对NO_2~-还原为NH_4~+阶段起抑制作用,综合两方面影响,最终表现出对菌株DNRA过程的抑制作用;S~(2-)对菌株生长及DNRA过程都表现出抑制作用,且S~(2-)浓度越高抑制作用越强,当S~(2-)浓度达到6 mmol·L-1后,S~(2-)对于NO_3~-还原为NO_2~-阶段的抑制作用强于NO_2~-还原为NH_4~+阶段的抑制作用,NO_3~-还原为NO_2~-速率低于NO_2~-还原为NH_4~+速率,此时体系中不再有NO_2~-的积累.     

模拟水体硝态氮对黄菖蒲生长及其氮吸收的影响

为了对挺水植物在水环境与水生态修复中的应用提供参考依据,选取黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus L.)为对象,通过模拟水培实验,对比研究了6种水体硝态氮质量浓度(10.68、23.88、42.22、63.33、82.92、97.13 mg·L~(-1))下,黄菖蒲地上和地下生物量、根冠比、叶绿素含量、氮累计吸收量以及对硝态氮去除效果的差异,以期明确模拟水体硝态氮质量浓度对黄菖蒲生长及其氮吸收能力的影响.结果显示,首先,不同硝态氮质量浓度对黄菖蒲地上部分(茎叶)生长的影响大于地下部分(根);当硝态氮质量浓度为10.68 mg·L~(-1)时,黄菖蒲的根冠比增加;当硝态氮质量浓度为42.22~97.13 mg·L~(-1)时,黄菖蒲的根冠比减少.其次,黄菖蒲适宜生长的硝态氮质量浓度为23.88~63.33 mg·L~(-1);硝态氮质量浓度低于10.68 mg·L-1或高于82.92mg·L-1时,均会对黄菖蒲的叶绿素合成产生抑制作用.再次,黄菖蒲对氮的累积量随硝态氮质量浓度增加而增加,且地下部分对氮的累积能力优于地上部分;6种浓度下,单株黄菖蒲的氮累计吸收量为10.56~75.43 mg,其地下部分依次为地上部分的7.2、2.3、2.5、2.1、1.6以及1.5倍.此外,黄菖蒲对氮的利用效率与硝态氮质量浓度之间成显著的幂函数关系,且地上部分的氮利用效率高于地下部分.最后,黄菖蒲对硝态氮的去除率随硝态氮质量浓度增加而增加,6种浓度下黄菖蒲对硝态氮的去除率介于94.9%和99.3%之间,且水体中硝态氮质量浓度随时间延续呈指数函数降低.结果表明,黄菖蒲对硝态氮有很好的去除效果,但黄菖蒲的生长及其对氮的吸收与去除效率受水体硝态氮质量浓度影响显著,且地上部分较地下部分更为敏感.     

改良UNITANK工艺在东鄱污水处理厂的应用分析

介绍了改良UNTIANK工艺在东鄱污水处理厂的应用情况,对比传统UNITANK工艺与改良UNTIANK工艺在除磷脱氮方面的去除效果,并讨论改良UNITANK工艺的结构、运行方式、工艺特点及存在问题,得出相关结论。     

Seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate, peroxypropionyl nitrate, and carbon tetrachloride in Beijing

Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN), peroxypropionyl nitrate(PPN), and carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) were measured from September 2010 to August 2011 in Beijing. PAN exhibited low values from mid-autumn to early spring(October to March) with monthly average concentrations ranging from 0.28 to 0.73 ppbV, and increased from early spring to summer(March to August), ranging from 1.37–3.79 ppbV. The monthly variation of PPN was similar to PAN, with low values(below detection limit to 0.18 ppbV) from mid-autumn to early spring, and a monthly maximum in September(1.14 ppbV). The monthly variation of CCl4was tightly related to the variation of temperature, exhibiting a minimum in winter(69.3 pptV) and a maximum of 180.6 pptV in summer. Due to weak solar intensity and short duration, PAN and O3showed no distinct diurnal patterns from morning to night during winter, whereas for other seasons, they both exhibited maximal values in the late afternoon(ca. 15:00 to 16:00 local time) and minimal values during early morning and midnight. Good linear correlations between PAN and PPN were found in autumn(R = 0.91), spring(R = 0.94), and summer(R = 0.81), with slopes of 0.130, 0.222, and 0.133, respectively, suggesting that anthropogenic hydrocarbons dominated the photochemical formation of PANs in Beijing. Positive correlation between PAN and O3 in summer with the low slopes( O3 / PAN) ranging from 9.92 to 18.0 indicated serious air pollution in Beijing, and strong negative correlation in winter reflected strong O3consumption by NO titration and less thermal decompositin of PAN.     

Nitrogen mass balance in a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater effluent

The nitrogen changes and the nitrogen mass balance in a free water surface flow constructed wetland （CW） using the four-year monitoring data from 2008 to 2012 were estimated. The CW was composed of six cells in series that include the first settling basin （Cell 1）, aeration pond （Cell 2）, deep marsh （Cell 3）, shallow marsh （Cell 4）, deep marsh （Cell 5） and final settling basin （Cell 6）. Analysis revealed that the NH4＋-N concentration decreased because of ammonification which was then followed by nitrification. The NO4＋-N and NO4＋-N were also further reduced by means of microbial activities and plant uptake during photosynthesis. The average nitrogen concentration at the influent was 37,819 kg/year and approximately 45% of that amount exited the CW in the effluent. The denitrification amounted to 34% of the net nitrogen input, whereas the accretion of sediment was only 7%. The biomass uptake of plants was able to retain only 1% of total nitrogen load. In order to improve the nutrient removal by plant uptake, plant coverage in four cells （i.e., Cells 1, 3, 4 and 5） could be increased.     

利用淀粉/PCL共混物作为反硝化固体碳源和生物膜载体的研究

以双螺杆挤出机制备了淀粉聚己内酯(PCL,polycaprolactone)共混物(SPCL5),研究了其浸出性能及吸水性能,并在序批试验中研究了其作为反硝化固体碳源和生物膜载体的特性。结果表明,SPCL5颗粒前3 d浸出的有机物浓度较高,随后逐渐降至1.31 mgL。SPCL5颗粒吸水率在1 d左右达到饱和,约为30.97%。SPCL5可作为固体碳源用于去除低碳氮比(CN)水中的硝酸盐。以活性污泥接种时,SPCL5颗粒在1 d后就有显著的脱氮效果。驯化结束后,SPCL5颗粒的平均反硝化速率(以N计)为0.020 8 mg(g·h)。剪切力是影响反硝化速率的重要因素,转速从70 rmin提高至140 rmin时,平均反硝化速率提升近1倍,达到0.040 3 mg(g·h)。进水NO3-N浓度为15~50 mgL时对反硝化速率无显著影响,反硝化为零级反应。红外光谱结果表明利用后的共混物中淀粉和PCL均发生了降解。     

辽河保护区七星湿地表层水与间隙水中氮的时空分布

将大型人工湿地工程技术应用于支流河口,可以有效减轻干流污染物负荷。研究了辽河流域典型支流河口湿地的营养盐迁移转化特征。利用2012年5—7月的采样监测数据分析辽河保护区七星湿地表层水和间隙水中不同形态氮的时空分布规律。结果表明,氨氮浓度为表层水小于间隙水,而硝氮和亚硝氮浓度为表层水高于间隙水;氨氮、硝氮以及亚硝氮浓度随空间的变化趋势均体现为支流河入口处浓度较高,湿地中部及出口处浓度明显降低。水体氨氮浓度表现出随时间推移呈逐渐下降的趋势,硝氮和亚硝氮浓度呈现波动。七星湿地3个月内的氨氮总去除量为1.99 t。