La-Co-Fe-Cu/HZSM-5在尾气碳颗粒燃烧中的催化性能

采用柠檬酸络合低温浸渍法制备分子筛负载钙钛矿型复合氧化物催化剂。采用XRD、SEM和H2-TPR等手段对催化剂性能进行表征,并在微型固定床反应器中对催化剂进行活性评价。结果表明,在钙钛矿型复合氧化物中进行B位离子掺杂,可以改善催化活性,碳颗粒燃烧温度降低。在20%LaCoO3/HZSM-5催化剂中用铁离子部分取代钴离子可以改善碳颗粒的燃烧性能,取代量增加碳颗粒燃烧温度降低,但是生成CO2的选择性也降低,以20%LaCo0.2Fe0.8O3/HZSM-5为催化剂,Tig、Tm和Tf分别为256℃、399℃和403℃,但生成CO2的选择性只有72.5%。在20%LaCo1-xFexO3/HZSM-5中的钙钛矿型复合氧化物B位离子中加入铜离子后,在碳颗粒燃烧反应中生成CO2的选择性得到明显改善,Sco2提高10个单位以上。以20%LaCo0.2Fe0.6Cu0.2O3/HZSM-5为催化剂,在碳颗粒燃烧反应中生成CO2的选择性可以达到94.7%,Tig、Tm和Tf分别为242℃、427℃和445℃。     

Cu-K型低温碳烟氧化催化剂的合成及表征

柴油机排放中碳烟的低温氧化是近年来研究的热点.通过原位合成法制备Cu2K/Al2O3和CuK／Al2O3两种碳烟氧化催化剂,并采用低温氮吸附/脱附实验、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、程序升温氧化对其结构进行系统表征,并用U碳模拟柴油机碳烟,研究其催化活性,评测其对柴油机排气中碳烟颗粒的净化效果.研究表明,Cu2K/Al...     

供碳源载体及其在低碳氮比污水处理中的应用研究

为解决低C/N污水的脱氮问题,本实验自行研制开发了一种新型碳聚合物载体.对该载体进行低C/N污水的生物膜脱氮研究,考察了HRT、pH、DO、温度等因素对系统同步硝化反硝化脱氮效果的影响.结果表明:在C/N比为4、pH=8、DO=1 mg/L、HRT=6 h,T=24℃的条件下,氨氮及总氮的去除率分别可以达到90%和70...     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal phylogenetic groups differ in affecting host plants along heavy metal levels

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） are important components of soil microbial communities,and play important role in plant growth. However, the effects of AMF phylogenetic groups（Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae） on host plant under various heavy metal levels are not clear. Here we conducted a meta-analysis to compare symbiotic relationship between AMF phylogenetic groups（Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae） and host plant functional groups（herbs vs. trees, and non-legumes vs. legumes） at three heavy metal levels. In the meta-analysis, we calculate the effect size（ln（RR）） by taking the natural logarithm of the response ratio of inoculated to non-inoculated shoot biomass from each study. We found that the effect size of Glomeraceae increased, but the effect size of non-Glomeraceae decreased under high level of heavy metal compared to low level. According to the effect size, both Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae promoted host plant growth, but had different effects under various heavy metal levels. Glomeraceae provided more benefit to host plants than non-Glomeraceae did under heavy metal condition, while non-Glomeraceae provided more benefit to host plants than Glomeraceae did under no heavy metal. AMF phylogenetic groups also differed in promoting plant functional groups under various heavy metal levels.Interacting with Glomeraceae, herbs and legumes grew better than trees and non-legumes did under high heavy metal level, while trees and legumes grew better than herbs and non-legumes did under medium heavy metal level. Interacting with non-Glomeraceae, herbs and legumes grew better than trees and non-legumes did under no heavy metal. We suggested that the combination of legume with Glomeraceae could be a useful way in the remediation of heavy metal polluted environment.     

Pd/activated carbon sorbents for mid-temperature capture of mercury from coal-derived fuel gas

Higher concentrations of Hg can be emitted from coal pyrolysis or gasification than from coal combustion, especially elemental Hg. Highly efficient Hg removal technology from coal-derived fuel gas is thus of great importance. Based on the very excellent Hg removal ability of Pd and the high adsorption abilities of activated carbon（AC） for H2 S and Hg, a series of Pd/AC sorbents was prepared by using pore volume impregnation, and their performance in capturing Hg and H2 S from coal-derived fuel gas was investigated using a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor. The effects of loading amount, reaction temperature and reaction atmosphere on Hg removal from coal-derived fuel gas were studied. The sorbents were characterized by N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction（XRD） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）. The results indicated that the efficiency of Hg removal increased with the increasing of Pd loading amount, but the effective utilization rate of the active component Pd decreased significantly at the same time. High temperature had a negative influence on the Hg removal. The efficiency of Hg removal in the N2-H2S-H2-CO-Hg atmosphere（simulated coal gas） was higher than that in N2-H2S-Hg and N2-Hg atmospheres, which showed that H2 and CO, with their reducing capacity, could benefit promote the removal of Hg. The XPS results suggested that there were two different ways of capturing Hg over sorbents in N2-H2S-Hg and N2-Hg atmospheres.     

上海市夏冬两季PM_(2.5)中碳组分污染特征及来源解析

2009年7月和2010年1月在上海市华东理工大学采样点采集PM2.5样品,应用热/光碳分析仪对样品中的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)进行了测定,并计算得到了二次有机碳(SOC)、char-EC和soot-EC的质量浓度。结果显示:采样期间PM2.5、OC、EC、SOC、char-EC、soot-EC夏季平均浓度分别为(58.87±20.04)、(11.37±4.12)、(3.68±1.27)、(4.37±2.86)、(3.00±1.24)和(0.68±0.30)μg/m3;冬季平均浓度分别为(142.31±45.47)、(16.01±4.43)、(5.53±2.36)、(5.67±2.92)、(5.11±2.35)和(0.42±0.17)μg/m3,除soot-EC外,均呈现夏季低、冬季高的特点。在不同空气质量下,OC、EC和char-EC的质量浓度具有明显差异,且三者均与能见度、平均风速呈显著负相关。夏冬两季soot-EC、char-EC、SOC和POC占TC的百分含量相差不大,其中POC/TC值最高,soot-EC/TC值最低。夏季SOC/TC的比值高于冬季,可能由于气温高有利于发生光化学反应。对8个碳组分进行主成分分析,结果显示,燃煤、生物质燃烧、汽油和柴油车排放对PM2.5中碳组分的贡献显著,并且可能受燃煤和汽油车排放的影响最大。     

铁碳微电解法预处理聚氯乙烯(PVC)离心母液废水

采用铁碳微电解法对聚氯乙烯(PVC)离心母液废水进行预处理。分别考察反应时间、铁粉投加量、Fe/C(质量比)、pH值及曝气速率对母液废水中的COD和聚乙烯醇(PVA)去除率的影响,并在此基础上通过正交实验确定了废水COD的最佳处理条件。结果表明,最佳处理条件为:反应时间为4 h、铁粉投加量为30 g/L、Fe/C为1:2、pH值为2、曝气速率为0.8 L/min。在该条件下,废水中COD、PVA和TOC的平均去除率分别为(67%±2)%、(98%±1)%和(55%±3)%,废水的BOD/COD值从0.3提高到0.5,可生化性得到了显著提高。同时,废水中的NH3-N、浊度也在很大程度上得到了去除,出水中总铁含量也很低。     

生物炭原位修复富营养化水体的试验研究

通过实验模拟,考察了粒径、炭层厚度、水体温度等因素对生物炭吸附与固定底泥氮磷的影响。结果表明:生物炭对氨氮与磷酸盐的最大吸附容量分别为4.92 mg/g、1.90 mg/g,吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程,在温度5~35℃、粒径80目、炭层厚度0.5cm时,模拟水体中TN和TP浓度可维持在0.55~0.85 mg/L和0.02~0.04 mg/L之间,说明生物炭能很好的吸附水体中的N、P并将其固定在底泥中。     

维生素B_(12)催化降解三氯乙烯的碳氯同位素分馏机理

挥发性氯代烃(volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons,VCHs)是地下水中一类重要的有机污染物,维生素B12是催化VCHs还原脱氯的高效催化剂。该文选取VCHs中典型的污染物三氯乙烯(TCE)作为研究对象,以Ti(Ⅲ)为电子供体,探索不同pH条件下,维生素B12催化TCE还原脱氯过程中碳、氯同位素分馏机理。反应溶液初始pH为7.5~9.0时,其表观一级动力学反应速率系数k值为0.06~0.15 h-1;碳同位素富集系数εC为-1.8‰~-2.4‰,氯同位素富集系数εCl均值为-1.5‰。这说明,pH增大,Ti(Ⅲ)还原势能增大,反应的速率提高;还原脱氯不同反应途径所占份额改变,碳、氯同位素分馏程度变化。碳、氯的单体同位素分析(CSIA)技术可以用来评价地下水氯代烃污染降解程度和效率,结合分析2种元素能够提高污染物修复评价的准确性,同位素富集系数的稳定性研究可为其不同环境条件下的精确评价提供理论依据。     

秸秆生物炭还田对围垦盐碱土壤的低碳化改良

利用芦苇秸秆和其生物炭还田改良围垦盐碱土壤。通过盆栽实验,从改良后土壤的脱盐率、植物的生长情况和生物量以及土壤呼吸和有土壤机碳含量等方面研究和比较了芦苇及其生物炭还田对围垦盐碱土壤的改良效应以及对土壤碳收支的影响。研究结果表明:秸秆和秸秆生物炭改良后土壤的含盐量显著低于空白对照,两者改良后的植物总收获量(干重)基本相同,均显著高于未改良的空白对照,但生物炭还田改良后的土壤呼吸强度显著低于秸秆直接还田,改良后其土壤有机碳含量也高于后者以及空白对照。高度稳定的生物炭还田能有效抵抗微生物的分解作用,因此其土壤微生物总量低于秸秆直接还田,从而导致土壤异养微生物活性较弱,使得生物炭中的碳得以在土壤中长期保存,增加了土壤有机碳含量,降低了土壤呼吸,是一种较低碳的秸秆还田措施。