反硝化除磷工艺进展及影响因素

阐述了反硝化除磷的基本机理与特点,介绍了基于反硝化除磷理论研发出的单污泥工艺和双污泥工艺流程,比较了各类工艺的优缺点,提出了相应的优化改进措施。分析了反硝化除磷系统的主要影响因素,包括碳源种类、pH值、电子受体、C/P比、污泥龄等,提出了将处于实验阶段的新型工艺投入运行、探究多因素对系统脱氮除磷的综合影响等后续研究展望。     

江苏省宿迁市某监测井地下水砷超标原因研究

江苏宿迁市中部某远离工业企业的监测井地下水砷（As）指标连续多期次超《地下水质量标准》（GB/T 14848—2017）Ⅳ类标准限值。为探究该监测井地下水As长期超标原因,通过在监测井附近新钻取岩芯沉积物中不同形态As的提取实验,结合新井和监测井中地下水的同步取样与水质参数的测试,系统分析了监测井点位地下水As超标的原因。研究结果发现,离监测井5 m处的新井地下水As质量浓度不超标,而监测井中As仍超标。对比新井和监测井的水质参数与沉积物中As的赋存形态发现,在还原性和弱碱性的环境条件下,地下水类型及地层沉积物中碳酸盐结合态的变化可能对地下水As质量分数有明显的影响,而铁-锰氧化物结合态与有机物-硫化物结合态的变化对As质量分数超标影响则有限。此外,不排除可能受到成井工艺不规范与监测井受到串层污染的影响。     

哑铃湾网箱养殖水体中N、P的形态特征及其季节变化调控机制

2002年4月～2003年1月四个季度,对哑铃湾典型网箱养殖区N、P几种形态含量进行了实地调查和分析。结果表明,在该养殖区,N、P的存在形态都以溶解态为主,各种形态的季节变化都受网箱养殖活动和浮游植物的生长状况综合调控;在该海域,从N/P值的角度来看,P是比较缺乏的,但是从浮游植物可利用的角度来看,无机磷却相对过剩。     

西安市市政污水厂剩余污泥中重金属形态特征及潜在生态风险评价

采用现场采样及室内分析方法,研究了西安市剩余污泥的基本理化性质,污泥中重金属元素的含量、赋存形态及迁移特征,并对市政污泥土地利用的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:西安市剩余污泥整体pH呈中性(6.24~8.12),具有高有机质(46.71%~72.41%)、高N(6.18%~6.94%)、高P(1.71%~4.21%)、低K(1.02%~2.03%)的特点,具有很好的土地利用价值;污泥中重金属(除Pb、Mn、Co外)及As整体含量高于《土壤环境质量标准》的二类标准(pH=6.5~7.5),但除Zn、Ni、Hg超过《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》酸性土壤(pH6.5)最高允许含量外,其余重金属及As均低于该标准值;西安市污泥中重金属的形态分布主要由重金属元素的性质决定,污泥中各重金属的迁移或稳定性顺序(F1+F2)为Cu(19.38%)Cr(21.2%)Pb(47.76%)Co(50.22%)Ni(54.63%)Mn(61.53%)Zn(74.21%);修正潜在生态风险评价结果表明,西安市剩余污泥重金属综合污染程度处于重度水平,污泥土地利用时重金属污染的潜在生态风险水平为严重,其中Hg为其首要贡献者,其次是Zn和Ni。     

熟污泥改良土壤中Cd的形态分布特征和生物有效性

通过苜蓿盆栽实验和Tessier五步提取法,研究了不同比例的堆肥污泥施入黄土后,土壤中Cd的形态分布和生物有效性及重金属在施污土壤-苜蓿中的迁移转化规律。结果表明：不同比例的污泥施入黄土后,随着污泥施入量的增加,土壤中Cd的主要赋存形态由对照组的不可利用态(残渣态)向潜在有效态(铁锰氧化态)转化,污泥的施入提高了重金属Cd的生物有效性;苜蓿的种植对施污根际土中Cd的活性产生了钝化作用,使施污黄土根际土壤中潜在有效态Cd主要向不可利用态的Cd转化;苜蓿各器官对Cd均有富集和转移能力,苜蓿各部位重金属Cd含量的分布规律为：根部>茎叶部;线性回归分析结果表明：碳酸盐结合态Cd是苜蓿茎叶部和根部吸收Cd的主要贡献形态;因此在实际生产时须严格控制污泥的施用量,以避免Cd在苜蓿体内富集危害动物和人体健康。     

EBPR中两类细菌PAOs和GAOs竞争的研究进展

强化生物除磷(EBPR)工艺可以获取高效的除磷效果,已在很多污水处理厂得到广泛应用。但是大型污水处理厂在相当多的条件下,EBPR工艺也会出现周期性除磷效果的波动和不充分。针对这一难题,研究者试图采用许多手段来研究工艺中的主要微生物。文章针对典型的EBPR工艺和碳源、pH值、温度等因素对EBPR工艺中两类细菌聚磷菌(PAOs)和聚糖菌(GAOs)竞争的研究进展进行了论述,并展望了未来的研究方向。     

Assessment on the pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus of Beijing surface water based on GIS system and multivariate statistical approaches

This paper presented the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Beijing surface water during the survey. A significant difference was found out in concentration distribution of various parameters of nitrogen and phosphorus. Most water bodies in five water systems were polluted by total nitrogen with the content even up to 120 mg/L which was higher than exceeded the fifth class standard of national surface water quality standard GB3838-2002 except for several segments of Chaobaihe and Yongdinghe. Ammonia and phosphorus showed a similar tendency of distribution with higher content in Daqinghe, Beiyunhe and Jiyunhe water systems, but with relatively low concentrations in Chaobaihe and Yongdinghe water systems. Meanwhile, nitrate was found at comparatively low content (mostly less than 10 mg/L) and could fit for corresponding water quality requirements. Totally, the water quality of Daqinghe, Jiyunhe and Beiyunhe river systems as well as the lower reaches of Yongdinghe and Chaobaihe was contaminated seriously with high content of total nitrogen and phosphorus. Through multivariate statistical approaches, it can be concluded that total nitrogen, ammonia and total phosphorus was highly correlated to chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity,which explained the same pollution source from anthropogenic activities.     

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the water quality in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area during and after its construction

A survey concerning the concentration of the nutrients in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area was carried out. This paper presents the parameters(NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, KjeldahI-N, non-ionic ammonia, P-PO4 and TP)determined at 16 sampling sites from 1997 to 1999. The dominant soluble nitrogen form was NO3^- -N followed by KjeldahI-N, NO2^- -N and non-ionic ammonia. Mean values of NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, Kjeldahl-N and non-ionic ammonia ranged from 0.50 to 2.37 mg/L, 0.022 to 0.084 mg/L, 0.33 to 0.99 mg/L and 0.007 to 0.092 mg/L respectively.Mean values of P-PO4 at most sampling sites were higher than 0.1 mg/L for subject to eutrophication. The major factors influencing the concentrations of N and P might be agricultural runoff, municipal and industrial effluents. In addition, 6 kinds of soil were sampled at the area where would inundated after the dam completed. Two approaches were adopted to simulate the N and P release from the inundated soils. The results showed that the soils would release nitrogen and phosphorus to the overlying water when the soils were inundated. The characteristics of soil affected the equilibrium concentrations of N and P between the soil and the overlying water.     

浅谈宣传策划中艺术设计的思维特征

一、艺术设计在宣传策划中的运用 艺术设计是指设计师在艺术设计的创意过程中,通过对生活进行观察、体验、分析,并对素材进行选择、提炼、加工,最终形成完整的艺术形象的艺术创造活动。是一种通过人的视觉感受而将客观内容纳入主观心灵并予以对象化呈现的艺术形态。     

磷石膏淋滤液磷在红黏土中的迁移转化与吸附特性研究

为了探究磷石膏淋滤液磷在土壤中的迁移转化及赋存状态,文章以贵州某磷石膏堆场为研究区,通过室内物理模拟实验与土壤吸附实验,分析磷石膏淋滤液磷在红黏土中的迁移转化特征,并探讨了红黏土对磷的吸附成因。研究结果表明：不同磷石膏厚度与红黏土厚度,对磷石膏淋滤液磷的迁移有显著影响,其中磷石膏厚度越大,淋滤液中磷浓度越大,而红黏土土层厚度越大,淋滤液中磷浓度越低;磷石膏淋滤液磷在红黏土中的迁移转化过程中,其各形态之间不断发生转变,并有一部分会被红黏土所吸附,从而使磷浓度随之降低,主要存在形态为可溶磷与无机磷,占比分别为80%～94%和80%～95%,有机磷与颗粒态磷含量较小,占比分别为5%～20%和5%～16%;红黏土对磷石膏淋滤液中磷的最大吸附量为0.23 mg/g,且红黏土对磷的吸附等温曲线符合Freundlich方程,相关系数R²为0.986 78,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,相关系数R²为0.964 14。