聚磷菌富集实验及其内源特征探究

通过磷酸盐释放速率(PRR)测定、荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)及LIVE/DEAD细胞染色技术,分别研究了生物营养物去除(BNR)系统与富集聚磷菌(PAOs)序批式反应器(SBR)系统中PAOs在好氧环境下的衰减特征.结果表明,当富集聚磷菌SBR系统进料中碳源(三水合乙酸钠和丙酸)是以36d为一个循环周期方式投加时,即三水合乙酸钠24d和丙酸12d,系统中PAOs富集比例可达91%.测定与计算结果表明,生物营养物去除(BNR)系统与富集聚磷菌SBR系统中PAOs衰减速率分别为0.113d-1和0.181d-1,死亡速率分别为0.048d-1和0.036d-1.这说明由细胞死亡引起的PAOs数量衰减在两个系统中分别占细胞总衰减的42%(BNR)和20%(SBR),而由细胞活性降低引起的活性衰减分别占细胞总衰减的58%(BNR)和80%(SBR).由此可见,PAOs数量衰减在其细胞总衰减中只占较小一部分,而绝大部分衰减是由活性衰减所引起.     

生物酶在医院污水处理中的应用研究

处理医院污水常用的工艺有A2/O工艺和AB工艺,以上两种工艺存在磷酸盐及氨氮去除与水温等工艺条件相关因素有关,而造成处理效果不稳定,经试验采用生物酶改良剂＋SBR反应器处理医院污水,加入生物酶原液为50 000 mg/L加入一定数量,按SBR工艺条件控制,经处理后,COD去除率达90%以上,出水中磷酸盐及氨氮浓度达到综合废水一级排放标准。在SBR反应器中,当生物酶与医院污水比例为0.1/10 000-1/10000时,对COD的去除率显著提高,在处理医院污水时,曝气时间4 h,此时COD去除率小于90%。能加速聚磷菌对磷的释放和吸收,可使出水达到或接近一级排放标准,同时在好氧段生物酶能显著提高NH3-N的硝化速度,能将硝化时间缩短2h,从而降低了医院污水的处理成本。     

CTMAB有机膨润土对水中磷酸盐的吸附去除作用

研究了天然膨润土、钠化膨润土和CTMAB（十六烷基三甲基溴化铵）有机改性膨润土对水中磷酸盐的吸附去除作用,考察了膨润土用量、振荡时间、溶液pH对磷酸盐吸附的影响,并绘制了吸附等温线。结果表明：CTMAB有机膨润土的吸附能力远大于原土,当pH值在酸性范围内时,磷酸盐的去除效率较高,吸附是一个快速的过程,可在60min内达到吸附平衡,吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程。膨润土储量丰富、价廉易得,其改性产物可以成为处理磷酸盐污染,降低水体富营养化污染的高效吸附剂。     

光照度对水柱中斜生栅藻生长的影响

为探索在湖库中呈不均匀分布的光照度对藻类生长的影响,在水柱中研究了不同入射光照度和斜生栅藻生物量动态变化之间的关系。结果显示,在稀释率为10%的连续流条件下,当入射光照度低于10000lux,即可获得平均光照度低于2000lux时,斜生栅藻出现负增殖,而在摇瓶试验中,在入射光照度为500lux时,斜生栅藻就表现出正增殖。研究发现采用可获得平均光照度这一指标以更好地描述水柱中藻类可获得光资源量的实际状况,可获得平均光照度和斜生栅藻的稳态生物量之间呈极显著的正相关关系。此外,水体中pH值和磷酸盐浓度的变化也从侧面反映了光照度对藻类生物量的影响。     

Phosphate removal and recovery through crystallization of hydroxyapatite using xonotlite as seed crystal

Xonotlite was synthesized and tested for phosphate removal and recovery from synthetic solution in a batch mode. The e ects of pH, initial calcium concentration, bicarbonate concentration on phosphate removal through crystallization were examined. The morphology and X-ray di raction (XRD) pattern of xonotlite before and after crystallization confirmed the formation of crystalline hydroxyapatite. The results indicated that the crystallization product had a very high P content (> 10%), which is comparable to phosphate rock at the dosage of 50–200 mg xonotlite per liter, with a maximum P content of 16.7%. The kinetics of phosphate removal followed the second-order reaction equation. The phosphate removal ability increased with increasing pH. The precipitation of calcium phosphate took place when pH was higher than 7.2, whereas the crystallization occurred at pH 6.0. A high calcium concentration could promote the removal of phosphate via crystallization, while a high bicarbonate concentration also enhanced phosphate removal, through that the pH was increased and thus induced the precipitation process. When xonotlite was used to remove phosphate from wastewater, the removal e ciency could reach 91.3% after 24 h reaction, with removal capacity 137 mg/g. The results indicated that xonotlite might be used as an e ective crystal seed for the removal and recovery of phosphate from aqueous solution.     

粉煤灰陶粒对废水中磷酸盐的吸附试验研究

以粉煤灰为主要原料制成粉煤灰陶粒,研究其对废水中磷酸盐的去除情况.同时,考察了影响粉煤灰陶粒吸附磷酸盐的主要因素及平衡吸附量,并对其进行吸附等温模型拟合分析.结果表明,粉煤灰陶粒对磷酸盐的去除率随粉煤灰陶粒投加量的增大而增加,较高的磷酸盐初始浓度可以加快磷酸盐的吸附.在较宽pH(4～10)范围内,均能呈现较好的磷酸盐去...     

Influence of flooding and vegetation on carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus dynamics in the pore water of a Spartina alterniflora salt marsh

Four sites were selected in a salt marsh in the Bah′?a Blanca Estuary (Argentina): (1) low marsh (flooded by the tide twice daily) vegetated by S. alterniflora; (2) non-vegetated low marsh; (3) high marsh (flooded only in spring tides) vegetated by S. alterniflora; (4) non-vegetated high marsh. The pH and Eh were measured in sediments, while dissolved nutrients (ammonium, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate) and particulate organic matter (POM) were determined in pore water. pH (6.2–8.7) was only a ected by vegetation in low areas. Eh (from –300 to 250 mV) was lower at low sites than at high ones; in the latter, the values were higher in the non-vegetated sediments. The POM concentration was greater in the high marsh than in the low marsh, with no e ect of vegetation. Ammonium was the most abundant nitrogen nutrient species in pore water, except in the non-vegetated high marsh where nitrate concentration was higher. All nitrogen nutrients were a ected by both flooding and vegetation. Phosphate was always present in pore water at all sites throughout the year and its concentration varied within narrow limits, with no e ect of flooding and greater values always at non-vegetated sites. Our results showed that the variability of the pore water composition within the marsh is greater than the temporal variation, meaning that both tidal flooding and vegetation are important in the dynamics of nutrients and organic matter in the sediment pore water.     

QuAAtrO连续流动分析仪测定海水中营养盐

实验研究QuAAtro测定海水四项营养盐的精密度、检出限和准确度,并与手动分析进行比对试验。结果表明:QuAAtro分析海水营养盐具有高精密度、低检出限和较高准确度;和手动分析没有明显的差异却具有速度快、消耗少的特点。     

铁电絮凝去除磷酸盐性能及影响因素研究

不同水质条件下,铁板作为阳极电絮凝时会产生不同形态的絮体,而絮体种类对磷酸盐去除效果尚不明确.利用铁板作为阳极进行电絮凝,考察溶解氧对电絮凝过程中生成絮体种类的影响,进一步研究电流密度和初始pH值对磷酸盐去除效果的影响.结果表明,低溶解氧（DO）条件下絮体成分主要为磁铁矿,高DO条件下可能为无定型三价铁氧化物/氢氧化物;电流密度越大(2.5、5和10 mA·cm^-2),磷酸盐去除效率越高,同时,低DO条件下磷酸盐去除效率高于高DO条件;而初始pH值（4、5、6、7和8）虽不影响不同溶解氧条件下所产絮体的除磷效果,但DO浓度高时,酸性条件下磷酸盐去除效率更高.当前污水处理厂二级出水存在磷浓度较高的问题(TP> 0.5 mg·L^-1),采用实际污水在2.5 mA·cm^-2电流密度下进行电絮凝,10 min后,初始浓度为1.307 mg·L^-1磷酸盐去除效率达98%以上.研究结果将为电絮凝产不同形态铁去除磷酸盐提供理论支持.     

Influence of moderate pre-oxidation treatment on the physical, chemical and phosphate adsorption properties of iron-containing activated carbon

A novel adsorbent based on iron oxide dispersed over activated carbon(AC) were prepared, and used for phosphate removal from aqueous solutions. The influence of pre-oxidation treatment on the physical, chemical and phosphate adsorption properties of iron-containing AC were determined. Two series of ACs, non-oxidized and oxidized carbon modified by iron(denoted as AC-Fe and AC/OFe), resulted in a maximum impregnated iron of 4.03% and 7.56%, respectively. AC/O-Fe showed 34.0%–46.6% higher phosphate removal efficiency than the AC-Fe did. This was first attributed to the moderate pre-oxidation of raw AC by nitric acid, achieved by dosing Fe(II) after a pre-oxidation, to obtain higher iron loading, which is favorable for phosphate adsorption. Additionally, the in-situ formed active site on the surface of carbon, which was derived from the oxidation of Fe(II) by nitric acid dominated the remarkably high efficiency with respect to the removal of phosphate. The activation energy for adsorption was calculated to be 10.53 and 18.88 kJ/mol for AC-Fe and AC/OFe, respectively. The results showed that the surface mass transfer and intra-particle diffusion were simultaneously occurring during the process and contribute to the adsorption mechanism.