对氨基二甲基苯胺光度法测定水样中硫化物的几个问题

本文介绍用对氨基二甲基苯胺光度法测定水样中硫化物时，如何降低空白值、提高硫化钠标液的稳定度以及提高酸化吹气回收率的原理和方法。     

从“水俣病”谈汞中毒的防治

20世纪50年代，日本爆发了震惊全球的“水俣（yǚ音同“雨”）事件”。事件的起因是：1908年，日本一家生产氮肥的工厂在日本九州岛南部熊本县水俣镇建厂，生产过程中产生甲基汞化合物直接排入水俣湾。从1950年开始．先是在该地发生了多起“自杀猫”事件，后来有人也患了此类怪病．因医生无法确诊，而称之为“水俣病”。经过多年调查研究发现，此病是由于居民食用水俣湾受汞化物污染的鱼类而引起的。大量甲基汞化合物被排入水俣湾，并在鱼体内形成高浓度积累。猫和人食用了这种被污染的鱼后，就产生了汞中毒而患怪病。     

2,4-二硝基苯肼吸收液法测定空气中醛、酮类化合物

应用高效液相色谱分析环境空气和废气中的醛、酮类污染物。样品经DNPH的酸溶液吸收后,用二氯甲烷/正己烷3∶7进行萃取,然后将萃取液吹干,用乙腈溶解后进行高效液相色谱分析。结果证明该测定方法具有准确率高,精密度好的特点。为制定适合于我国国情的空气和废气中醛、酮类化合物的测定方法提供依据。     

芳香族磺酸基化合物有机废水处理技术的研究进展

概述了芳香族磺酸基有机物的废水处理技术,分析了各种技术的优点和存在的问题,对难降解有机物的处理进行了展望,提出具有优势的处理方法。     

Effects of methyl-, phenyl-, ethylmercury and mercurychlorid on immune cells of harbor seals （Phoca vitulina）

Mercury (Hg) is present in the marine environment as a natural metal often enhanced through human activities. Depending on its chemical form, Hg can cause a wide range of immunotoxic e ects. In this study, the influence of methyl-, ethyl- and phenylmercury as well as mercurychloride on immune functions was evaluated. Two parameters of cellular immunity, proliferation and mRNA cytokine expression of interleukin-2, -4, and transforming growth factor , were investigated in harbor seal lymphocytes after in vitro exposure to Hg compounds. While all Hg compounds had a suppressive e ect on proliferation, di erences between juvenile and adult seals were found. Lymphocytes from juveniles showed a higher susceptibility to the toxic e ect compared to lymphocytes from adults. Furthermore, the degree of inhibition of proliferation varied among the four Hg compounds. The organic compounds seem to be more immunotoxic than the inorganic compound. Finally, for the cytokine expression of methylmercury-incubated lymphocytes, timedependent changes were observed, but no dose-dependency was found. Marine mammals of the North Sea are burdened with Hg, and lymphocytes of harbor seals may be functionally impaired by this metal. The present in vitro study provides baseline information for future studies on the immunotoxic e ects of Hg on cellular immunity of harbor seals.     

Unregulated emissions from a diesel engine equipped with vanadium-based urea-SCR catalyst

The present work is aimed at the study of number-size distribution of particles,volatile organic compounds(VOCs),and carbonyl compounds(CC) or carbonyls emitted from a 4-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine equipped with a vanadium-based urea selective catalytic reduction catalyst.The engine was run on an electric dynamometer in accordance with the European steady-state cycle.Pollutants were analyzed using an electric low pressure impactor,a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer,and a high performance liquid chromatography system for the number-size distribution of particles,VOCs,and CC emissions,respectively.Experimental results revealed that total number of particles were decreased,and their number-size distributions were moved from smaller sizes to larger sizes in the presence of the catalyst.The VOCs were greatly reduced downstream of the catalyst.There was a strong correlation between the conversion of styrene and ethyl benzene.The conversion rate of benzene increased with increase of catalyst temperature.Formaldehyde,acetaldehyde,acrolein and acetone were significantly reduced,resulting in a remarkable abatement in carbonyls with the use of the vanadium-based urea-SCR system.     

Effect of background electrolytes on the adsorption of nitroaromatic compounds onto bentonite

To further elucidate interaction of nitroaromatic compounds with mineral surface, the sorption of m-dinitrobenzene (m-DNB) and nitrobenzene to original bentonite in aqueous solution containing di erent electrolytes (i.e., KCl, NH4Cl, CaCl2 and Tetramethylammonium bromide (TMAB)) was studied. The sorption of m-DNB was greatly enhanced with the presence of KCl and NH4Cl, while little influence was observed with CaCl2 and TMAB, following the order of KCl > NH4Cl TMAB, CaCl2, or DI water. For nitrobenzene, sorption enhancement only occurred at high nitrobenzene concentrations in the presence of KCl, and the solute equilibrium concentration at inflexion point was lowered with increasing KCl concentration. These sorption enhancements were significantly promoted with the increase of electrolyte concentration. The salting-out e ect is insu cient to account for the sorption enhancement by original bentonite with increasing KCl or NH4Cl concentration. X-ray di raction patterns of bentonite suspensions indicated that the sorption enhancement of m-DNB was attributed to the intercalation of K+ or NH4 + into bentonite interlayer and then dehydration with m-DNB to form inner-sphere complexes, which caused previously expanded bentonite interlayers to collapse in aqueous suspension, thus further enhanced the interaction of phenyl with siloxane surface. In comparison, the sorption enhancement of NB is attributed to the formation of outer-sphere complexes with K+ at high solute-loadings (> 200–400 mg/kg). The sorption of m-DNB to initially modified TMA+-bentonite and K+-bentonite was almost the same as respective sorption to original bentonite in solution containing TMA+ and K+.     

Enhanced removal of organics by permanganate preoxidation using tannic acid as a model compound – Role of in situ formed manganese dioxide

The effect of permanganate preoxidation on organic matter removal during the coagulation with aluminum chloride was investigated using tannic acid as a model compound. Results showed that a small amount of KMnO4 (0.75 mg/L) increased the removal efficiency of tannic acid up to 20%, as compared to the process of coagulation by aluminum chloride alone. The key factor enhancing the removal efficiency of tannic acid in preoxidation process was the in situ formation of a reductant manganese dioxide. The complexation model was used to describe the reaction between MnO2 and tannic acid. Under weak pH condition, tannic acid was difficult to be adsorbed by MnO2 due to the static electrical repulsive forces. The presence of Ca2+ served as a bridge to hold the negative charged MnO2 and tannic acid together, which could be a crucial factor influencing tannic acid adsorption by in-situ manganese dioxide.     

我国不同空间格局泥炭类脂分子化石记录信息的时空对比

在前期研究基础上,对江西定南、青藏高原红原、东北哈尼泥炭生物标志化合物记录信息进行对比研究。以正构烷烃为例,对比了我国从南到北泥炭生物标志化合物记录的古植被变化信息,发现我国不同季风区不同时期的植被分布特征存在明显差异。将各区域长链饱和脂肪酸CPI值、Paq值以及哈尼泥炭正构烷烃单体δD值进行对比,并与日本海海面温度和...     

提高土壤碳汇能力 实现农业可持续发展

气候变化对环境和社会的影响已引起世界各国的高度关注,自然和人为等多种因素能引起气候变化。“温室效应”的强弱与温室气体的浓度密切相关。温室气体中的二氧化碳、甲烷、氧化亚氮和臭氧是自然界大气中本来就存在的成分,而氢氧碳化物、全氟碳化物、氯氟烃类化合物等成分则是人类活动的产物。全球气候变化引发的极端灾害使农业生产不稳定性增加。有关专家认为,如果不采取应对措施,到2030年,我国种植业产量可能减少5％～10％,