中国居民膳食结构升级、国际贸易与粮食安全

目前,中国居民膳食消费水平与结构正在由温饱型向全面小康型转变,形式上表现为由“粮菜型”向“粮肉菜果”多元型和由传统家庭烹饪型向现代便捷型转变。膳食消费结构和水平的改变将影响未来中国的粮食消费量。以中国台湾居民的膳食消费发展规律判断,目前中国大陆居民的膳食消费水平距离富裕水平下的稳定状态整体差距超过50%,肉禽类差距超过一倍。而2018年中国粮食表观自给率已经下降到了85%,大豆自给率仅为15%,虚拟耕地自给率仅为72.6%。在食物消费达到富裕稳定态时,中国不仅需要进口大量的蛋白饲料,还可能需要进口相当数量的能量饲料。基本结论为：仅仅依靠中国本土的农业生产资源已难以维持全面小康水平下的本土农产品需求,发展到富裕水平短缺将会更甚,依赖国际市场是必然需求。从维护生态环境的角度讲,在农产品进口贸易上可多考虑进口动物性产品,适当放开粮食类产品进口数量,自己生产水果、蔬菜等类的农产品。     

Effect of different pearling times on the quality of hull-less barley rice北大核心CSCD

Hull-less barley is a special food crop rich in various nutrients in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Six-pearling is often used to produce commercial hull-less barley rice in order to improve its rough taste and inferior cooking quality. This study evaluated the differences in the nutritional, cooking, sensory, and storage qualities of hull-less barley rice with different pearling times to obtain suitable processing conditions for the production of high-quality hull-less barley rice. With increasing pearling time, the contents of vitamin B6, vitamin E, dietary fiber, iron, zinc, phenols, and flavonoids significantly decreased to a large extent, protein and vitamin B3 decreased slightly, the contents of total starch and β-glucan increased significantly, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) initially increased and then decreased. The peak, trough, and final viscosity of whole grain barley were 1 860.50 cP, 914.50 cP, and 2 150.00 cP, respectively, and increased after six-pearling to 4 219.00 cP, 2 628.00 cP, and 5 074.00 cP, respectively. At the same time, the water absorption and volume expansion of the pearled hull-less barley increased significantly. The hardness of pearled hull-less barley reduced from 4 708.50 g to 2 282.00 g, its adhesiveness increased from 0.00 to -7.33, and its taste and sensory quality exhibited better. The activities of α-amylase, polyphenol oxidase, lipase, and catalase in pearled hull-less barley slightly decreased. Hull-less bran flour is rich in a variety of nutritional components and could be a potential resource with great developmental value. In general, hull-less barley rice obtained from three-pearling has high nutritional value, high cooking quality, low enzyme activity, and low energy consumption; therefore, it can be used to produce high-quality barley rice. This study provides important information for high-quality pearled hull-less barley and further utilization of barley bran flour. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

不良生活方式对健康的影响

世界卫生组织原总干事Nakajima在1991年6月世界卫生刊物中强调：“健康行为始于出生之时。未来的医学属于预防医学,正如谚语所说“一口两”预防胜于一吨治疗”。不良的生活方式会对健康有影响,引起人们患慢性的非传染性疾病。现将不良的生活方式诸如不合理膳食,过度饮酒,吸烟,缺乏锻炼,紧张,空气污染对健康的影响简述于下。     

典型电子垃圾拆解区居民多卤代芳烃的膳食暴露及其癌症风险评估

收集浙江典型电子垃圾拆解区和对照区的饮用水、蔬菜、豆类、米饭、鸡蛋、鱼、鸡肉和猪肉等8类食物样品共191个;采用GC/MS 5975B分析样品中23种PBBs,12种PBDEs和27种PCBs;评估当地居民的PHAHs膳食暴露现状及其癌症风险.结果表明,拆解区居民这三大类PHAHs的平均日摄入量是对照区的2~3倍,通过米饭摄入PHAHs的量占当地居民PHAHs总摄入量的48%以上.拆解区居民因食物摄入PHAHs的癌症风险(3.81×10-4)是对照区(1.50×10-4)的2倍多,其中二英类PCBs的风险值占总癌症风险的45%以上.通过米饭摄入PHAHs是主要的暴露途径,二英类PCBs是引起癌症风险的主要贡献因子,电子垃圾拆解释放出的PHAHs通过食物摄入进入居民体内引起的癌症风险要明显高于对照区.     

邻苯二甲酸酯危害严重

德国研究协会日前发布新闻公报说，该协会资助德国埃朗根-纽伦堡大学进行的专项研究结果表明，人体对邻苯二甲酸酯类化学物质的摄入量远比原先预测的多，儿童尤其如此。     

三峡库区居民膳食结构与重金属摄入水平研究

采用分层多级整群随机抽样方法,经城乡经济排序,并按公共营养学要求,选取地处三峡库区中心位置的重庆市石柱县549户居民作为调查对象,对库区居民膳食结构进行了调查,同时应用总膳食研究方法,采集了当地12类主要蔬菜、肉类、粮食等样品,测定了铅、砷、镉、汞等4种重金属元素含量,分析了库区居民的重金属摄入水平.结果显示,1)除谷类、豆类、薯类和糖类外,城镇居民对其余各类食物的摄入量均高于农村居民的摄入量,城乡居民对谷类、蔬菜、水果、奶制品的摄入量还存在不足;2)库区食物中铅、镉超标较严重,其中乳类、蛋类铅含量分别为允许限量的4.98、4.54倍,砷、汞超标情况相对较轻;3)库区居民通过食物摄入的铅、砷、镉、汞4种有害重金属元素水平均低于相应的ADI值,但城镇居民、农村居民摄入的镉元素水平分别达到ADI值的86.88%和75.35%,应当引起警惕;4)薯类、谷类和蔬菜类食品是库区居民重金属摄入的主要膳食来源.     

科学膳食预防铅中毒

据不完全统计,以下20种行业人群是易患职业铅中毒人群:铅矿开采及冶炼;蓄电池行业;制造含铅耐腐蚀化工设备、管道、构件、模具、镀料、极板涂料行业;交通运输行业,如火车轴承挂瓦、桥梁工程、船舶制造业等接触铅蒸气;制造放射线防护材料;钱币制造业;电力与电子行业,如保险丝、电缆     

冬储食品,能不能安全吃

正"时令是食物的挚友,但也是食物的死敌。"在过去,一到冬天,我国广阔的北方,天地间一片荒凉,寸草不生,枯叶凋零。从11月到4月之间,几乎没有什么办法种植"应季"的蔬菜和水果。但是,面对无情的严寒,人们却也总有办法变通。"三春不比一秋忙",在秋天收获的季节,人们就开始忙碌地