臭氧氧化去除水中芳香族化合物机理初探

通过试验分析了用臭氧去除水中芳香族化合物的氧化和所提机理。臭氧氧化处理效果受溶液ｐＨ、温度和接触时间等因素影响。     

取代芳香族化合物对4种水生生物的毒性研究

建立了105种取代芳香族化合物对4种水生生物(发光菌、四膜虫、大型蚤和斑马鱼)的毒性QSAR模型.取代芳香族化合物对生物体的毒性主要是由2个过程引起,化合物首先穿透细胞膜,然后与机体发生反应.讨论了生物种的种间和种内差别,这种差别可能与生物的脂肪含量有关.化合物分成了3类,非极性麻醉型化合物、极性麻醉型化合物和反应型化合物,极性麻醉型化合物比非极性麻醉型化合物毒性要高,反应型化合物毒性最高.     

Distribution, sources and potential toxicological significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in Guanting Reservoir sediments, China

The Guanting Reservoir lost its function as the second biggest drinking water source for Beijing due to the pollutions from the upstream flow of Yongding River in 1997. From 1998, lots of studies were carryied out to renew the function of Guanting Reservoir as domestic drinking water source before 2008 Olympic Games. This is the first time that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in the surface sediment of Guanting Reservoir have been analyzed. A distinctive spatial distribution of PAHs was observed. Sediments from four sites along Inlet of Yongding River to reservoir bam had PAHs concentrations of 1377--2855 μg/g dw in descending order. The composition of PAHs is investigated and used to assess patrogenic,combustion and naturally derived of the sediments samples of Guanting Reservoir. Special PAHs ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene(P/A) and fluoranthene/pyrene(Fl/Pyr) were calculated to assess the relative importance of different origins. The data confirmed a relatively high level of petrogenic contamination in four sites. These high PAHs levels were associated with the input of untreated and partially treated industrial sewage. In addition, the concentrations of PAHs compounds of samples indicated that sediments of reservoir were most likely to pose potential biological impairment.     

上海城区硝基芳香族化合物的化学组成及特征分析

为研究硝基芳香族化合物(NACs)在上海城区大气中的浓度水平、组成特征以及与气态前体物关系,采用大流量采样器采集了2020～2021年上海城区大气细颗粒物PM_2.5冬季39个和夏季46个样品,利用超高效液相色谱-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱,对其中12个NACs物质进行了定量分析,结合后向轨迹、前体物及气象要素等相关性分析,并对其中含CHON类物质进行分子组成和分类分析.结果表明,冬季ρ(NACs)平均值(17.1 ng·m^-3)是夏季(5.7 ng·m^-3)的3倍,冬季气团主要来自于北方,夏季气团则主要来自于较清洁的东南部海洋.冬季NACs组成中含量最丰富的物种为4-硝基苯酚,夏季则为4-硝基苯酚(清洁天)和4-羟基-3-硝基苯甲酸(污染天),冬、夏两季均表现出昼高夜低的特点.单环和多环芳烃化合物识别和表征的芳环等值数(Xc)以及O/C和H/C值等特征的定性分析结果表明,上海城区冬、夏两季PM_2.5中CHON类化合物主要是芳香族化合物,且在PM_2.5污染天检测到的CHON类化合物的...     

Bioremediation of highly contaminated oilfield soil: Bioaugmentation for enhancing aromatic compounds removal

This study evaluated the effectiveness of different amendments--including a commercial NPK fertilizer, a humic substance （HS）, an organic industrial waste （NovoGro）, and a yeast-bacteria consortium--in the remediation of highly contaminated （up to 6% of total petroleum hydrocarbons） oilfield soils. The concentrations of hydrocarbon, soil toxicity, physicochemical properties of the soil, microbial population numbers, enzyme activities and microbial community structures were examined during the 90-d incubation. The results showed that the greatest degradation of total petroleum hydro- carbons （TPH） was observed with the biostimulation using mixture of NPK, HS and NovoGro, a treatment scheme that enhanced both dehydrogenase and lipase activities in soil. Introduction of exogenous hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria （in addition to biostimulation with NPK, HS and NovoGro） had negligible effect on the removal of TPH, which was likely due to the competition between exogenous and autochthonous microorganisms. None- theless, the addition of exogenous yeast-bacteria consor- tium significantly enhanced the removal of the aromatic fraction of the petroleum hydrocarbons, thus detoxifying the soil. The effect of bioaugmentation on the removal of more recalcitrant petroleum hydrocarbon fraction was likely due to the synergistic effect of bacteria and fungi.     

芳香族化合物在人工湿地中的去除途径探讨

芳香族化合物是一类对人体具有严重危害的持久性有机污染物(POPs),目前芳香族化合物的高级处理技术价格昂贵,难以推广。人工湿地由于低成本、低能耗、低运营维护的特点,被认为具有去除芳香族污染物的潜力。分析了芳香族化合物在人工湿地中的归宿,讨论了基质、植物、微生物与水解、光降解、挥发等方面的去除贡献大小,指出了目前研究中存在的不足,并展望了其未来发展方向。     

印染废水循环利用抗生素抗性基因丰度变化特性

城市污水处理系统中抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）分布研究较多,但是工业废水循环利用时ARGs丰度变化特性研究尚存不足.为此,本研究构建了印染废水循环利用系统,采用16S rDNA技术分析印染废水循环利用过程中微生物群落的变化特性,采用高通量测序技术表征ARGs丰度变化趋势.循环初期,活性污泥中共检出9大类52种ARGs,其中β-内酰胺类（β-lactam）抗性基因的相对丰度最高.循环过程中,芳烃类污染物浓度随循环次数的增加而升高,β-内酰胺类抗性基因丰度则先升高后降低再升高（第100 d,上升61.85%）.与此同时,与ARGs相关的Firmicutes、Actinobacteria和Cyanobacteria的丰度显著下降（降幅分别为84.66%、64.38%和85.15%）.超过21种ARGs受到芳烃类污染物富集的显著影响,其中,6种ARGs与芳烃类污染物的浓度变化极显著正相关,6种极显著负相关.这些结果表明,ARGs的丰度变化受微生物群落和芳烃类污染物的影响,在印染废水循环利用过程中呈现先上升后下降再上升的变化趋势.本研究揭示了印染废水循环利用过程中芳烃类污染物的富集与微生物群落的变化对ARGs的影响,对印染工业废水循环利用降低抗生素抗性基因对环境的污染提供了理论指导.     

厨师的职业性危害

据监测,公共食堂作业环境中,粉尘、一氧化碳、二氧化硫的浓度分别为9.68%、29.03%、1.61%,超过国家卫生标准.这些有害物质,主要来自燃料的燃烧.粉尘以液化气为最高,一氧化碳和二氧化硫以焦煤为最高.烹调时产生的油烟对健康的危害也不容忽视.油烟的主要有害物质有:醛、酮、烃、脂肪酸、芳香族化合物等.油烟可直接刺激呼吸系统,引起肺水肿及集体的损伤,使肺功能下降,导致慢性支气管炎发病率的增加.动物实验表明,厨房污染物对体液免疫有抑制作用.由此可见,公共食堂应列入有毒有害作业场所,纳入劳动卫生工作范围.     

运用回归分析与人工神经网络预测含硫芳香族化合物好氧生物降解速率常数

为了研究人工神经网络预测有机化合物生物降解的性能,运用多元线性回归方法和误差反向传递人工神经网络模型以基团代码作为结构描述符,分别拟合、预测了一批含硫芳香族化合物的一级好氧生物降解速率常数．结果表明,由于神经网络自动考虑了基团间的交互作用,它对生物降解这类复杂问题有极高的求解能力,预测的均方误差为０．００１０２,远低于线性回归模型的预测误差０．０１５９１