TiO2催化超声降解月桂醇聚氧乙烯(9)醚溶液

表面活性剂随废水、废物的排放进入水体或土壤等环境,会对环境造成严重的污染.因此,有必要在其排放之前采用既安全可靠又有效的方法对其进行处理.本文采用经过600℃高温处理的锐钛矿型TiO2作为催化剂,以超声催化降解月桂醇聚氧乙烯(9)醚(AEO9)反应为模型,研究各种因素对TiO2催化超声降解的影响.结果表明,在TiO2催化剂作用下超声降解AEO9是可行的,且效果明显.在超声波功率为600 W,经600℃活化的TiO2催化剂用量为0.5～0.7g/L,AEO9水溶液初始质量浓度为60 mg/L,初始pH值为4.0的条件下,降解2 h后,AEO9降解率可达99%以上.     

石油烃降解菌的筛选及其生长条件研究

实验从锦州石化长期被高浓度的烃类化合物污染的土壤中采取土样,经反复富集培养后分离得到降解原油的单一菌株X2,并对菌株X2生长条件进行了优化,其优化后的最佳生长条件为:温度30℃,pH值为7,恒温摇床转速为190 r/min,盐度为2.5%。同时,实验利用最佳条件下培养获得的对数生长期降解菌X2降解处理含原油1.0%的无机培养液,经过24 h处理,测得降解菌X2对原油的降解能力达到60.6%。     

不同生境产脂肪酶菌株的筛选及多样性

为发掘不同特性脂肪酶微生物资源,采用纯培养方法从青海高寒草地、雅安山区、成都平原分离得到产脂肪酶菌株54株.通过对菌株的DNA进行ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析,按聚类树划分为5个操作分类单元.16S rDNA序列测定和聚类分析显示,分离菌株分布于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter).多样性分析表明,与青海高寒草地、雅安山区相比,成都平原产脂肪酶菌株遗传多样性更为丰富.在54株菌中都出现了300 bp和1 300 bp两个特异且稳定出现的条带,这两个特异条带可能是产脂肪酶菌株的SCAR标记条带.     

一株抗肿瘤放线菌的鉴定及生物活性

为开发青藏高原沙地生态系统放线菌资源,首次从位于青藏高原东北部的青海湖沙岛土壤样品中选择性分离培养出一株具明显抑菌及抗肿瘤活性放线菌Sd-31.通过生理生化特性、化学分类学以及16S rRNA序列分析鉴定,菌株为砖红链霉菌,命名为Streptomyces lateritius Sd-31;双层琼脂法检测菌株抑菌活性,表明菌株对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphyloccocus aureus)以及枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)有显著抑制作用;通过Hoechst染色荧光显微镜观察及MTT法细胞毒性试验,确定菌株发酵液有明显的诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡活性且与处理浓度成正相关;纸片法研究菌株发酵液活性稳定性,结果表明,20~80℃处理后发酵液抑菌活性稳定,100℃条件处理后发酵液抑菌活性降低;在酸性及中性条件下发酵液活性稳定,碱性条件下随着pH值的增加发酵液抑菌活性降低.以上结果为抗肿瘤药物的研究提供了理论数据.     

烷烃降解菌的筛选、鉴定及优势菌株的降解特性

以正庚烷为唯一碳源,从长期受到石油污染的土壤中筛选获得可利用正庚烷的微生物14株.通过形态观察和16S rDNA序列比对,鉴定G2、G9、G14为红球菌属,G3、G27为人苍白杆菌属,G4、G7为芽孢杆菌属,G5、G10、G15、G25为节杆菌属,G16为缺陷短波单胞菌,G17、G22为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌属.通过考察其降解烷烃的能力,确定Rhodococcus sp.G2为烷烃降解优势菌株.该菌株可代谢庚烷获得最大菌体浓度D600 nm=7.51.同时该菌对不同碳链长度的烷烃,如十二烷、十六烷、煤油和二甲苯均具有较强的降解能力,以十二烷为碳源的最大比生长速率为0.37 h-1,最高菌体浓度为D600 nm=12.00,在正十六烷中生长,最大比生长速率为0.23 h-1,在煤油中生长,最大比生长速率为0.14 h-1,在以二甲苯为唯一碳源时,D600 nm也可达到1.00左右.研究表明该菌株对于石油污染土壤的生物修复有很大的应用前景.图6表2参9     

Degradation of dichloromethane by an isolated strain Pandoraea pnomenusa and its performance in a biotrickling filter

A strain Pandoraea pnomenusa LX-1 that uses dichloromethane(DCM) as sole carbon and energy source has been isolated and identified in our laboratory. The optimum aerobic biodegradation of DCM in batch culture was evaluated by response surface methodology. Maximum biodegradation(5.35 mg/(L·hr)) was achieved under cultivation at 32.8°C, pH 7.3, and 0.66% NaCl. The growth and biodegradation processes were well fitted by Haldane's kinetic model, yielding maximum specific growth and degradation rates of 0.133 hr-1and 0.856 hr-1, respectively. The microorganism efficiently degraded a mixture of DCM and coexisting components(benzene, toluene and chlorobenzene). The carbon recovery(52.80%–94.59%) indicated that the targets were predominantly mineralized and incorporated into cell materials. Electron acceptors increased the DCM biodegradation rate in the following order: mixed oxygen iron sulfate nitrate. The highest dechlorination rate was 0.365 mg Cl-/(hr·mg biomass), obtained in the presence of mixed electron acceptors. Removal was achieved in a continuous biotrickling filter at 56%–85% efficiency, with a mineralization rate of 75.2%. Molecular biology techniques revealed the predominant strain as P. pnomenusa LX-1. These results clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of strain LX-1 in treating DCM-containing industrial effluents. As such, the strain is a strong candidate for remediation of DCM coexisting with other organic compounds.     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌协同竞争对脱氮特性的影响

为了探讨在脱氮过程中异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌类之间的协同和竞争作用,以A2/O工艺好氧污泥中筛出的三株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌——XH02、XH03和FX03为研究对象,经16S rDNA基因序列系统发育分析,鉴定XH02为人苍白杆菌(Ochrobactrum sp.),XH03和FX03为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.).在此基础上,分别考察了单菌株和复合菌株(XH02+XH03、XH02+FX03、XH03+FX03和XH02+XH03+FX03) 在异养硝化和好氧反硝化条件下的脱氮特性.结果表明:菌株XH02和XH03具有高效脱氮特性,在异养硝化过程中,第24小时对NH₄+-N的去除率分别为90.2%和89.5%;在好氧反硝化过程中,二者在第24小时对NO₃--N的去除率分别为91.8%和94.0%.复合菌株XH02+XH03无论在异养硝化还是好氧反硝化过程中,均能相互协同,促进生长,进一步提高了脱氮效率,在第24小时对NH₄+-N和NO₃--N的去除率分别达到97.1%和96.7%.在硝化和反硝化过程中,菌株FX03对XH02、XH03均存在着竞争关系,FX03的存在会抑制菌株XH02和XH03的生长,显著降低脱氮效率.研究显示,异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌XH02和XH03之间的协同作用可以强化废水生物处理,提高脱氮效率.      

阿魏酸降解菌对木质纤维素水解的增效作用

碱预处理是制备生物乙醇过程中不可缺少的过程。然而,在预处理过程中会产生以阿魏酸为主的毒性抑制物,从而影响木质纤维素的水解效率。该文从土壤中筛选出一株高效阿魏酸降解菌HHQ-1,经鉴定为寡养单胞菌属。将HHQ-1在线添加至纤维素碱预处理水解液中,构建阿魏酸降解菌-里氏木霉纤维素降解菌双菌协同降解体系,并研究其对纤维素水解的提升效果。结果表明,60 h时双菌协同降解体系和单菌降解体系的还原糖产量同时达到最高值。双菌降解体系下还原糖产量为221.33 mg/L,比单菌降解体系提高了7.84%。归其原因为阿魏酸降解菌定向脱除了阿魏酸,降低了毒性物质对纤维素水解过程的影响。     

Isolation of a salt tolerant laccase secreting strain of Trichoderma sp. NFCCI-2745 and optimization of culture conditions and assessing its effectiveness in treating saline phenolic effluents

Most of the hazardous pollutants are phenolic in nature and persists in the environment. The ability of laccases to oxidize phenolic compounds and reduce molecular oxygen to water has led to intensive studies of these enzymes. Therefore the fungal strains with high laccase activity and substrate affinity that can tolerate harsh environmental conditions have a potential for biotechnological applications. Salt tolerant laccase secreting fungi can be utilized in treatment of saline and phenolic rich industrial effluents such as coir effluent and textile effluent that needed to be diluted several fold before microbial treatment. This is the first study describing the isolation and optimization of a salt tolerant strain of Trichoderma sp. potential for industrial applications. The fungus was identified based on morphological characteristics and was subsequently confirmed with molecular techniques and deposited at National Fungal Culture Collections of India （NFCCI） under the Accession No. Trichoderma viride NFCCI 2745. In contrast to other laccase secreting fungi, light conditions did not exert much influence on laccase production of this strain and salinity enhanced its laccase secretion. The fungus effectively removed the phenolic content of the textile effluent, coir-ret liquor and wood processing effluent within 96 hr of incubation. The tolerance of the fungus to high salinity and phenolic compounds makes this strain ideal for treating saline and phenolic rich industrial effluents.     

芽孢杆菌H-1菌株的固定化及降解动力学研究

采用海藻酸钠-海藻酸钙法对芽孢杆菌H-1菌株进行包埋实验,测试各固定化因素对凝胶微球物理性能的影响,得到各因素合适的取值范围。以石油降解率为试验指标对固定化因素进行4因素3水平正交试验,结果显示菌株的最佳固定化条件为海藻酸钠浓度7%、菌悬液添加量75%、CaCl2浓度2%、交联时间24 h。对比固定化菌株与游离菌株的降解效果,结果显示固定化菌株的降解效率大于游离菌株。对固定化菌株的降解动力学进行研究,结果表明当石油浓度较低时,固定化菌株的降解动力学方程符合Monod方程的线性简化形式,方程的半饱和常数K S=52.33 mg/L,最大反应速率v max=44.05 d-1。当原油浓度较高时,其降解速率大于方程的v max。