改性壳聚糖CAD与微生物絮凝剂MBF8复配絮凝研究

采用水溶液自由基聚合反应,将丙烯酰胺(AM)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)接枝到壳聚糖分子上制成了阳离子改性壳聚糖(CAD).经FT-IR、XRD、zeta(ξ)电位、凝胶色谱等分析确定,CAD为淡黄色透明液体,pH值为3.7,相对分子质量为2.88×10⁶,阳离子度为16.7,等电点(0.1%溶液)约为pH值10.5,有效成分2.6%,主要特征官能团有羟基、氨基、季铵基和酰胺基, 呈不规则晶体结构.将CAD与相对分子质量3.67×10⁵的多糖类电负性微生物絮凝剂MBF8复配,对浊度12~460 NTU、离子强度3.0 mmol·L^-1的高岭土悬浊液进行烧杯实验.结果表明,MBF8与CAD的最佳使用方式为先投加MBF8后投加CAD,复配比5:3时效果最好,适用的pH范围为6.0~10.0.采用PAC(3.0 mg·L^-1)+MBF8+CAD(1.0 mg·L^-1)复配絮凝,pH=8.0下,对浊度为110 NTU的高岭土悬浊液,浊度去除率>97%,残余铝<0.08 mg·L^-1,絮体大、沉降快,絮凝效果优于PAC+分子量800万、1200万的阴离子PAM及分子量1500万的阳离子PAM.     

Effects of physical and chemical characteristics of surface sediments in the formation of shallow lake algae-induced black bloom

Surface sediments are closely related to lake black blooms. The dissolved oxygen （DO） distribution and its penetration depth in surface sediments as well as the migration and transformation of redox sensitive elements such as Fe and S at the sediment-water interface are important factors that could influence the formation of the black bloom. In this study, dredged and undredged sediment cores with different surface properties were used to simulate black blooms in the laboratory. The Micro Profiling System was employed to explore features of the DO and ∑H2S distribution at the sediment-water interface. Physical and chemical characteristics in sediments and pore waters were also analyzed. The results showed that sediment dredging effectively suppressed the black blooms. In the undredged treatment, DO penetration depth was only 50 μm. Fe^2＋ concentrations, ∑H2S concentrations, and ∑H2S production rates were remarkably higher in surface sediments and pore waters compared to control and dredged treatments. Furthermore, depletion of DO and accumulation of Fe^2＋ and ∑H2S in surface sediments and pore waters provided favorable redox environments and necessary material sources for the blooms. The study results proved that physical and chemical characteristics in surface sediments are important factors in the formation of the black bloom, and could provide scientific guidance for emergency treatment and long-term pre-control of black blooms.     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a forest soil profile

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Electrochemical methods were first employed to evaluate DOM redox properties, and spectroscopic approaches were utilized to obtain information concerning its composition and structure. DOM was extracted from a forest soil profile with five horizons. Differential pulse voltammetry indicated that there were more redox-active moieties in the DOM from upper horizons than in that from lower horizons. Cyclic voltammetry further showed that these moieties were reversible in electron transfer. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity of DOM, including electron acceptor capacity and electron donor capacity, both of which decreased sharply with increasing depth. FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra results suggested that DOM from the upper horizons was enriched with aromatic and humic structures while that from the lower horizons was rich in aliphatic carbon, which supported the findings obtained by electrochemical approaches. Electrochemical approaches combined with spectroscopic methods were applied to evaluate the characteristics of DOM extracted along a forest soil profile. The electrochemical properties of DOM, which can be rapidly and simply obtained, provide insight into the migration and transformation of DOM along a soil profile and will aid in better understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in natural environments.     

LNAPLs污染物在层状非均质多孔介质中的运移试验研究

文章通过室内试验研究层状非均质多孔介质中轻非水相液体(Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid,LNAPL)的运移机制与分布特性。首先,在二维砂槽上进行LNAPL的入渗试验,试验过程中用数码相机进行拍照,把LANPL的扩散过程以图像的形式记录下来;然后,用AutoCAD对图片进行分析处理,得出不同时刻LNAPL的入渗锋面变化图。结果发现,介质结构突变面改变了LNAPL的迁移模式。在LNAPL由中砂进入细砂层后,由于受到毛细作用的增强,其运移速度加快;而由中砂进入粗砂,受粗砂介质阻滞作用增强的影响,LNAPL运移速度变小。当LNAPL由干砂进入湿润砂体时,由于孔隙水浮托力增大,LNAPL先产生纵向运移,随后以横向迁移的形式在地下水位上部聚积。当达到一定厚度后,LNAPL的压头足以克服浮托力,驱替孔隙水进入砂土孔隙。另外,LNAPL的厚度足够大时,方可克服饱水层受到的浮托力,在地下水位上形成LNAPL池,并因孔隙水向周围砂体排泄,LNAPL池周围的水位上升。     

不同来源生物黑炭特性对比及其在农业环保中的应用

生物黑炭是生物有机体转化的稳定性碳物质,作为土壤添加剂近年来在土壤改良、温室气体减排以及受污染环境修复等方面具有广阔的应用前景。虽然近年国际上对生物黑炭的农业应用研究进展很快,但关于不同来源生物黑炭理化性质的调控及其在农业环境保护方面的应用研究还不够深入,未达成统一认识。而我国在该领域的研究才刚刚起步。为推动我国生物黑炭农业应用技术的开展,文章从生物黑炭的来源、不同生物炭理化特性的对比,及其在农业环境保护中的应用等方面进行了综述与探讨,并对生物黑炭的开发和利用存在的潜在问题和今后的研究热点进行了简要的展望,以期为我国发展低碳农业和循环农业提供依据和参考。     

辽宁省某典型500kV变电站电磁污染分布特性研究

为了了解500 kV变电站电磁污染分布特性,利用EFA-300电磁场强分析仪对变电站内500 kV配电区、220 kV配电区、变电站主要设备及变电站周边不同类型环境的工频电场强度与磁感应强度进行检测,从中找出其工频电磁场污染分布特性。共检测92个测点,结果显示电场强度、磁感应强度均在允许范围内。但是,变电站的个别设备附近电场强度接近职业标准限值,做防护措施时需重点关注。     

基于综合生态指标的水电站运行仿真

针对环境保护和能源开发之间的矛盾,在分析水电能源系统生态环境的基础上,基于综合指数法思想,建立了动植物生态用水、工农业生活用水、污染净化用水等生态指标,配合水电站发电、灌溉、防洪效益要求,建立了水电能源生态系统的模型,并分别研究了在非固定生态指标和固定生态指标的条件下,水电站的运行状况。仿真结果表明,在非固定指标状况下运行时,10²0 s由于水位降低和一定的波动导致指标的下降和波动;2020 s由于水位降低和一定的波动导致指标的下降和波动;20³0 s水量较多,对生态环境有利,指标接近1;3030 s水量较多,对生态环境有利,指标接近1;30⁴0 s小旱,但是由于配水比较合理,指标也接近1;4040 s小旱,但是由于配水比较合理,指标也接近1;40⁵0 s大旱期间,生态水量不足,指标最低为0.5。在固定生态指标状况下运行时,生态指标固定为1、0.95、1、1、0.7、1对应6个阶段,输出结果与预期数据基本一致。综合指数思想在建模仿真中的应用是科学、合理并且可行的。同时,所建立仿真模型对解决水电站的经济运行和环境保护之间矛盾的具有重要的理论与实践双重意义。     

云系对环境灾害关系研究

云系降水是水资源可持续利用的重要来源以及防灾减灾工作的研究对象之一。新疆地区因地理环境特殊部分地域极易形成暴雪。迄今为止,国内针对新疆地区暴雪云特征的研究匮乏。本文利用CloudSat卫星资料对某次新疆地区暴雪云云水柱含量进行初步研究,愿为环境灾害的研究出贡献。     

滨海水厂降低供水单耗潜力分析

大港油田供水公司滨海水厂负责大港油田中心区域的生产生活用水的供给任务,长期以来由于供水量小、服务压力高造成供水单耗一直高于同行业标准,通过对大港油田供水公司滨海水厂工艺运行模式和机泵运行状况分析,试图通过优化运行方案来降低供水单耗.经过对多种供水运行模式进行深入的研究、比较,总结出当前的机泵配制状况下的最优化运行方案,将供水单耗降到合理水平,并对将来进一步的节能降耗前景进行了分析和建议.     

餐厨垃圾处理技术及其应用探讨

每一天,我们都会制造很多的生活垃圾。因此,本文将日常的餐厨垃圾作为出发点,对于其特性以及相关的处理技术进行了探讨。