络合剂对铬污染土壤电动修复作用的影响

用电动方法对铬污染砂土的修复进行了实验室研究。结果表明,EDTA和柠檬酸的加入明显改变了电动过程中电流的大小和铬在砂土中的分配,柠檬酸因与C(rⅥ)发生明显的竞争吸附或与土壤中的C(rⅢ)发生较强的络合作用而增加土壤总铬的迁移率,迁移到阳极附近的铬占砂土中铬含量的78.4%,电动处理以后土壤中剩余的六价铬浓度均显著减少,尤其是加入络合剂后的迁移率比不加入约提高40%,充分表明电动处理时加入络合剂可明显增加对砂土中六价铬的迁移。     

基于形态与in vitro方法的铬污染土壤生物可给性研究

铬（Cr）是电镀类场地的主要污染物.开展土壤中Cr（III）和Cr（VI）的生物可给性研究对于准确评估Cr污染场地风险,克服污染场地过度修复问题十分关键.本研究采集我国栗钙土、红壤、潮土3种典型土壤,通过添加相同浓度污染物的方式制备成Cr（III）或Cr（VI）污染土壤.随后利用5种体外方法（in vitro）,对3种土壤经口摄入的Cr生物可给性进行比较与健康风险评估.进而从土壤理化性质、Cr赋存形态、土壤矿物组成方面,对不同土壤在溶解度生物可给性研究联盟（SBRC）方法中的生物可给性差异进行分析.结果表明,基于生物可给性的Cr污染土壤健康风险评估能够显著降低风险水平,提高风险控制值,其中,SBRC方法在评估中更具有保守性.3种土壤在相同的Cr（III）和Cr（VI）污染浓度下,栗钙土相较于红壤和潮土在肠期具有更高的生物可给性和健康风险.此外,土壤黏粒、有机质含量及迁移系数能够影响土壤Cr的生物可给性,土壤矿物种类赋存不同也是造成Cr（III）和Cr（VI）在不同土壤中生物可给性差异的重要因素.     

畜禽养殖废水铬污染研究

随着现代畜禽养殖业的发展,畜禽养殖场排放的污染物越来越严重地污染环境,同时由于畜禽养殖的饲料中需要掺入畜禽所需微量元素铬,具有较大的污染隐患。本研究发现畜禽养殖废水是农村溪流铬污染的重要来源;在南山溪中,T—Cr浓度符合C=0．74Coe^-0.1205t（R^2=0．7366）规律衰减变化,Cr（Ⅵ）浓度符合C=0．806Coe^-0.1345t（R^2=0．5927）规律衰减变化;水体中Cr（Ⅵ）与T—Cr含量的关系较为显著（R^2为0．7188）,水体T—Cr含量与底质T—Cr含量的相关性较差（R^2为0．1839）。     

铬渣的热解无害化处理

采用热解工艺无害化处理铬渣,探讨了稻秆在铬渣无害化处理中的作用.研究了热解温度、稻秆与铬渣质量比、铬渣粒径及保温时间对铬渣热解无害化处理的影响,并分析了热解前后热解产物中铬元素形态的变化.结果表明,热解工艺能有效地将铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)还原,稻秆热解过程中产生的气相挥发分对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原起核心作用.较为适宜的热解条件:热解温度为400 ℃,稻秆与铬渣质量比为0.10,铬渣粒径<2 000 μm,保温时间为10 min.在该热解条件处理下,热解产物中的Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为121 mg/kg,低于热解前铬渣中的Cr(Ⅵ)(3 400 mg/kg).热解后,可交换态及碳酸盐结合态铬含量降低,大部分铬转化成了稳定的有机结合态和残渣态,极大地降低了铬渣的危害.第一作者:张大磊,男,1982生,博士研究生,研究方向为固体废弃物热处理.     

Adsorption of Cr(Ⅲ) from acidic solutions by crop straw derived biochars

Cr（Ⅲ） adsorption by biochars generated from peanut, soybean, canola and rice straws is investigated with batch methods. Adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） increased as pH rose from 2.5 to 5.0. Adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） led to peak position shifts in the FFIR-PAS spectra of the biochars and made zeta potential values less negative, suggesting the formation of surface complexes between Cr^3＋ and functional groups on the biochars. The adsorption capacity of Cr（Ⅲ） followed the order： peanut straw char 〉 soybean straw char 〉 canola straw char 〉 rice straw char, which was consistent with the content of acidic functional groups on the biochars. The increase in Cr^3＋ hydrolysis as the pH rose was one of the main reasons for the increased adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） by the biochars at higher pH values. Cr（llI） can be adsorbed by the biochars through electrostatic attraction between negative surfaces and Cr^3＋, but the relative contribution of electrostatic adsorption was less than 5%. Therefore, Cr（Ⅲ） was mainly adsorbed by the biochars through specific adsorption. The Langumir and Freundlich equations fitted the adsorption isotherms well and can therefore be used to describe the adsorption behavior of Cr（Ⅲ） by the crop straw biochars. The crop straw biochars have great adsorption capacities for Cr（Ⅲ） under acidic conditions and can be used as adsorbents to remove Cr（Ⅲ） from acidic wastewaters.     

Effect of chromium on accumulation and antioxidants in Cucumis utillissimus L.: Response under enhanced bioavailability condition

This study compares the accumulation of Cr(VI) and biochemical changes (total chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein, malondialdehyde (MDA) and cysteine contents) and roles of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX)) in tolerance to metal induced stress in Cucumis utillissimus L. grown in Cr contaminated soil (CS) with garden soil (GS). Furthermore, Cr bioavailability was enhanced by ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) addition to the soil to forecast the plant’s accumulation pattern at elevated Cr environment. Accumulation of Cr in the leaves of the plant increased with increase in substrate metals concentration. It further increased with the addition of EDTA by 1437% and 487% in GS and CS, respectively at the highest treatment level. The lipid peroxidation increased proportionately with increase in Cr accumulation in the leaves. All the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX and APX) and the level of cysteine increased with dose dependant manner. SOD and cysteine were observed to be higher in the GS than in CS, but APX and GPX were found to be higher in CS than in GS. The increase in GPX and APX activities with the increase in Cr concentration could be assumed that these two enzymes have a major role in the defense mechanism towards stress induced by Cr in C. utillissimus.     

利用烧结炼铁工艺环保处理铬渣

论述了铬渣的产生、组成、特性,利用冶金生产中的烧结炼铁生产工艺对其进行解毒的机理、配加处理铬渣的工艺流程、配加比例和对烧结矿生产工艺参数的影响情况,利用该法对其解毒处理的优势,及解毒处理中防止二次污染和个人防护措施.     

钢渣预处理含铬废水及其废渣与铬渣的固化

用钢渣对含铬废水进行预处理,探讨了钢渣粒度、用量、废水pH值和添加硫酸亚铁还原剂的影响.结果表明,经硫酸亚铁还原处理后再用钢渣处理比单纯用钢渣处理的效果明显提高,采用钢渣/总铬质量比为40的100目钢渣处理经硫酸亚铁还原后的含铬废水,总铬和Cr6 去除率分别达79%和84%,采用钢渣柱进行的两级淋滤实验进一步表明该方法可作为工业上含铬废水处理的预处理段.处理后的废钢渣同工业铬渣一起进行水泥固化,标准养护20 d后固化体表面Cr6 浸出率、破碎至5 mm粒径以下和酸雨淋溶下的浸出液Cr6 浓度均符合安全标准,可作为普通建材或进行填埋处置.     

Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤的热解还原无害化处理

提出了用热解还原法对含铬土壤进行无害化处理的新技术,研究了热解温度、热解时间及土壤有机质对铬无害化处理的影响,分析了热解前后土壤中铬的元素形态的变化.同时还探讨了热解还原过程中Cr(Ⅵ)的无害化机制.结果表明,土壤中的有机质在热解还原过程中产生的挥发分对Cr(Ⅵ)的无害化起核心作用;在200～600℃范围内,Cr(Ⅵ)的还原量随着热解温度升高而增大,500.0℃最适合于经济有效地实现Cr(Ⅵ)的热解还原处理;Cr(Ⅵ)的热解还原过程较快.铬的形态分析结果表明,热解后可交换态和碳酸盐结合态铬量大大降低,大部分铬转化成了活性低的残渣态,极大地降低了铬的危害.     

板栗壳对重金属Cr（Ⅵ）吸附性能的研究

从废弃的植物材料中筛选出一种Cr(Ⅵ)高效吸附剂——板栗壳。研究了pH、接触时间、板栗壳用量、温度和Cr (Ⅵ)初始浓度对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附活性的影响。结果表明, 板栗壳的最佳pH为2～3。在pH 2时,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率达99.7%。在15～35℃的温度范围内,板栗壳对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率随温度的升高而增加。30℃时,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率可达99%。板栗壳用量对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除有明显影响。由0.2 g增加到0.4 g时, Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率从90.6%提高到99%。在较宽的铬初始浓度范围内,板栗壳对Cr (Ⅵ)有明显的去除作用。