黑土有机碳、氮及其活性对长期施肥的响应

以长期定位试验为基础,研究不同长期施肥模式对中国东北黑土表层(0～20 cm)及亚表层(20～40 cm)土壤碳、氮的影响.结果表明,有机肥的施入显著提高了表层土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量,其中以有机无机配施处理最为显著.与不施肥相比,常量和高量有机无机配施分别增加了表层SOC含量24.6%和25.1%,分别增加了表层土壤TN含量29.5%和32.8%,亚表层土壤SOC和TN含量对施肥无响应.尽管常量及高量有机无机配施分别增加了黑土0～40 cm土壤碳储量11.6%和7.6%、氮储量17.3%和12.7%,但各处理之间无显著差异,仅增加了黑土碳、氮储量的变异性.与不施肥相比,有机肥的施用不仅显著增加了表层和亚表层土壤微生物生物量碳、氮(SMBC、SMBN)及可溶性碳、氮(DOC、DN)的含量,且显著提高了这些组分在总有机碳、全氮中所占的比例.有机无机配施处理能使表层土壤SMBC/SOC、SMBN/TN值分别提高0.36～0.59和1.21～1.95个百分点,而DOC/SOC、DN/TN也分别达到0.53%～0.72%和1.41%～1.78%.土壤微生物生物量碳氮、可溶性碳氮及其在总有机碳、氮中所占的比例对于施肥的响应在土壤剖面上表现更为敏感,更能反映土壤肥力对于长期施肥的响应.有机肥的施入尤其是有机无机配施能显著提高黑土表层和亚表层土壤有机碳、氮活性,有利于提升土壤肥力和养分供应能力,但同时也导致了农田系统碳、氮的大量损失,容易引起潜在的环境污染.     

LaCl_3对绿萝净化甲醛能力及生理生化变化的研究

对南通市新城区20个居民小区共110家住户,进行入户调查并检测室内空气甲醛浓度;以室内观赏植物绿萝作为受试对象,分析喷施稀土LaCl3对绿萝叶片叶绿素含量和质膜透性的影响,进而确定绿萝喷施LaCl3的适宜剂量;采用熏蒸法考察LaCl3对甲醛胁迫下室内观赏植物绿萝降醛能力的影响,并研究其甲醛抗性的生理生化机制。研究结果表明,南通市新城区居室空气甲醛污染较为严重,污染程度与装修后时间长短有关;绿萝喷施LaCl3的适宜浓度为20 mg/L;在喷施适宜浓度LaCl3之后,室内观赏植物绿萝单位叶面积吸收甲醛能力有所增强,提升幅度为19.75%;甲醛胁迫下,绿萝叶绿素含量降低了39.87%,质膜透性和MDA累积量分别增加了8.17、56.92%,POD活性升高了11.32%;经LaCl3预处理后,较甲醛胁迫组,绿萝叶绿素含量降幅与质膜透性、MDA浓度增幅均变小,而POD活性增幅变大。     

Adsorption of Cr(Ⅲ) from acidic solutions by crop straw derived biochars

Cr（Ⅲ） adsorption by biochars generated from peanut, soybean, canola and rice straws is investigated with batch methods. Adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） increased as pH rose from 2.5 to 5.0. Adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） led to peak position shifts in the FFIR-PAS spectra of the biochars and made zeta potential values less negative, suggesting the formation of surface complexes between Cr^3＋ and functional groups on the biochars. The adsorption capacity of Cr（Ⅲ） followed the order： peanut straw char 〉 soybean straw char 〉 canola straw char 〉 rice straw char, which was consistent with the content of acidic functional groups on the biochars. The increase in Cr^3＋ hydrolysis as the pH rose was one of the main reasons for the increased adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） by the biochars at higher pH values. Cr（llI） can be adsorbed by the biochars through electrostatic attraction between negative surfaces and Cr^3＋, but the relative contribution of electrostatic adsorption was less than 5%. Therefore, Cr（Ⅲ） was mainly adsorbed by the biochars through specific adsorption. The Langumir and Freundlich equations fitted the adsorption isotherms well and can therefore be used to describe the adsorption behavior of Cr（Ⅲ） by the crop straw biochars. The crop straw biochars have great adsorption capacities for Cr（Ⅲ） under acidic conditions and can be used as adsorbents to remove Cr（Ⅲ） from acidic wastewaters.     

北京10个常绿树种颗粒物吸附能力研究

大气中颗粒物PM(particulate matter)不仅造成环境污染,还对人体造成严重的危害.城市绿色植物作为大气过滤器,能够有效地提高城市空气质量,保护人体健康.因此了解不同树种对空气颗粒物的吸附滞纳作用是必要的.以北京植物园10种常绿植被为研究对象,应用空气气溶胶再发生器(QRJZFSQ-I)测定了北京市常见6种乔木和4种灌木叶片对空气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0的吸附能力.结果表明:1不同树种叶片表面附着颗粒物的能力差异明显,最高的是雪松(Cedrus deodara)和油松(Pinus tabuliformis),吸附量分别是(18.95±0.71)μg·cm-2和(14.61±0.78)μg·cm-2,冷杉(Abies fabri)最小,为(8.02±0.4)μg·cm-2;2不同树种叶片单位面积对不同颗粒物的附着能力也存在差异,附着PM10能力最强的是油松和雪松,附着PM2.5能力最强的是雪松、铺地柏(Juniperus procumbens)、龙柏(Juniperus chinensis cv.kaizuka)和油松,附着PM1.0能力最强的是雪松、铺地柏、冷杉和油松;3不同月份叶片上附着的各粒级颗粒物(PM10、PM2.5)占TSP的比例不同.其中PM10在4~6月之间主要表现两种变化趋势,一是先上升后下降,主要为灌木树种;二是逐渐上升,主要的树种是乔木树种.而PM2.5则没有这种明显的变化趋势.     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

河流线型对河流自净能力的影响

为研究河流线型对河流自净能力的影响,选取5条具有不同河流线型的河涌进行研究,以弯曲度和分形维数表征河流线型,以TP、NH 3-N、NO 2-N、NO 3-N、COD Cr、TOC、DOC、叶绿素(Chlorophyll)和蓝绿藻藻蓝蛋白(BGA-PC)等9项水质指标沿程削减率表征河流自净能力,并分析各研究河段的悬浮微生物生物量和生物活性,探讨河流线型影响河流自净能力的作用机制。结果表明:多项水质指标沿程削减率随河流线型蜿蜒程度的增加而提升。在直立式浆砌石挡墙河段,河流线型通过提高悬浮微生物生物活性,进而增强河流自净能力,使TP、NH 3-N、NO 3-N、DOC、Chlorophyll和BGA-PC的沿程削减率显著提升;而在格宾石笼挡墙河段,河流线型通过增加悬浮生物生物量和提高生物活性,进而增强河流自净能力,使NO 2-N、COD Cr、TOC和DOC的沿程削减率显著提高。     

南粤海水淡化市场蓄势待发

在水资源紧缺的背景下,所有改善水质和扩大水源的方法,均为世人所推崇,其中,海水淡化就是其中的一项重要技术. 经历起步期之后,我国海水淡化领域正向产业化方向迈进,并取得了长足进步.2006年底,我国日淡化海水能力接近15万吨,比上一年翻了一番.这些淡化过的海水在作为工业用水方面发挥了重要作用.     

水溶性有机物电子转移能力与荧光峰强度的关系研究

以不同来源的水溶性有机物（DOM）为供试材料,采用电化学方法和荧光光谱法研究了DOM电子转移能力及其与荧光峰强度的关系.采用库仑安培法测定DOM电子转移能力,其中测得的电子接受能力为635.6～1 049.3μmol.（g.C）-1,电子供给能力为27.3～42.3μmol.（g.C）-1.利用循环伏安法研究DOM电化学活性,发现其氧化还原电位在-731～-996 mV（vs.Ag/AgCl）之间.经过电位跃阶法三次氧化还原循环后电子转移能力仍可维持在232.1～897.2μmol.（g.C）-1之间,电子循环率为36.7%～78.2%,说明DOM具有重复利用、反复转移电子的特性.采用荧光激发发射光谱法（EEMS）测定DOM的类富里酸荧光峰强度并比较其与DOM电子转移能力的关系,发现DOM的类富里酸荧光峰强度与DOM的电子循环率具有显著相关（r2=0.92）.实验结果为理解DOM在元素循环、污染物降解以及生物地球化学循环中的作用提供科学依据.     

国家环境监管能力建设的现状与对策

环境监察监管力量薄弱,经费难以保障 机构不完善,监管力量薄弱,全国还有239个市县尚未建立独立环境监察机构,全国环境监察人员工作常年处于超负荷状态。经费得不到保障,实施“收支两条线”后,全国仍有较大比例的环境监察机构属于差额财政拨款,能力建设投资缺乏且无固定投资渠道。     

模拟酸雨对乳源木莲幼苗生长的影响

应用溶液喷洒法，研究不同pH值模拟酸雨对乳源木莲在叶片健康、株高生长、生物量积累、叶绿素含量及叶汁液pH值的影响，并从正生物效应和负生物效应两方面探讨了酸雨对苗木生长的影响。研究结果表明，该植物在华南地区城市园林绿化中具有较大的应用前景。