零价铁对重金属和硝酸根的同步去除研究

为考察零价铁粉(Fe^O)同步快速处理废水中多种污染物的可能性,研究了Fe^０同步处理Cu²⁺、 Ni²⁺、 Cr(Ⅵ)等重金属离子和硝酸根.实验结果表明,硝酸盐对重金属离子的去除无明显影响,而不同重金属离子则对硝酸盐的去除有不同的影响.Fe^０同步去除水中的NO^-₃和Cu²⁺时,明显地提高了硝酸盐的去除率和反应速度,反应120 min使NO^-₃的去除率从38.2%提高到了95.0％,相应反应速率常数k_obs也从0.004 3 min^-1提高到了0.033 9 min^-1,且k_obs与Cu²⁺的初始浓度呈线性关系.Fe^０同步去除水中的NO^-₃ 和Cu²⁺时,由于Cu²⁺的存在,使得铁还原NO^-₃的表观活化能由40.8 　kJ·mol^-1降低到21.1 　kJ·mol^-1. 从而加快了Fe^０还原NO^-₃的反应速度.Fe^０同步去除水中的NO^-₃ 和Ni²⁺时,它们之间的相互影响较小.Fe^０同步去除水中的NO^-₃和Cr(Ⅵ)时,溶液中的硝酸盐浓度几乎保持不变,Cr(Ⅵ)的存在明显阻碍了铁粉还原脱除硝酸盐反应的发生.     

Effect of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emission from rice soil in north India

Physiological changes in crop plants in response to the elevated tropospheric ozone (O₃) may alter N and C cycles in soil. This may also affect the atmosphere-biosphere exchange of radiatively important greenhouse gases (GHGs), e.g. methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) from soil. A study was carried out during July to November of 2007 and 2008 in the experimental farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to assess the effects of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice (Oryza sativa L.) soil. Rice crop was grown in open top chambers (OTC) under elevated ozone (EO), non-filtered air (NF), charcoal filtered air (CF) and ambient air (AA). Seasonal mean concentrations of O₃ were 4.3 0;± 0;0.9, 26.2 0;± 0;1.9, 59.1 0;± 0;4.2 and 27.5 0;± 0;2.3 0;ppb during year 2007 and 5.9 0;± 0;1.1, 37.2 0;± 0;2.5, 69.7 0;± 0;3.9 and 39.2 0;± 0;1.8 0;ppb during year 2008 for treatments CF, NF, EO and AA, respectively. Cumulative seasonal CH₄ emission reduced by 29.7% and 40.4% under the elevated ozone (EO) compared to the non-filtered air (NF), whereas the emission increased by 21.5% and 16.7% in the charcoal filtered air (CF) in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Cumulative seasonal emission of N₂O ranged from 47.8 0;mg 0;m⁻² in elevated ozone to 54.6 0;mg 0;m⁻² in charcoal filtered air in 2007 and from 46.4 to 62.1 0;mg 0;m⁻² in 2008. Elevated ozone reduced grain yield by 11.3% and 12.4% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Global warming potential (GWP) per unit of rice yield was the least under elevated ozone levels. Dissolved organic C content of soil was lowest under the elevated ozone treatment. Decrease in availability of substrate i.e., dissolved organic C under elevated ozone resulted in a decline in GHG emissions. Filtration of ozone from ambient air increased grain yield and growth parameters of rice and emission of GHGs.     

经消油剂处理的石油水溶组分对刺参幼参的急性毒性研究

为研究溢油经消油剂处理后对刺参幼参的危害,进行了如下试验:(1)表皮分别涂抹原油、0号柴油和消油剂;(2)消油剂分别处理原油、0号柴油所形成的水溶组分(chemical enhanced water accommodated fraction,CEWAF)和消油剂对幼参的96 h急性毒性试验。结果显示:(1)仅0号柴油和消油剂使幼参出现较短时间的收缩,表皮均未溃烂;(2)由高浓度至低浓度组先后出现部分幼参收缩、排脏、附着力下降,甚至表皮长疱、溃烂或死亡等现象,原油CEWAF对3月龄和4月龄幼参的96 h半致死浓度LC50(95%置信限)分别为246.09(211.16～286.81)mg/L和399.15(374.71～425.19)mg/L,4月龄幼参在0号柴油CEWAF浓度为125.89和19.95 mg/L时出现72 h内100%死亡和96 h内100%存活的现象,消油剂浓度为6 000 mg/L时幼参死亡率<50%。     

贵州省参考作物蒸散发量的时空变化分析

利用1960～2009年贵州省18个气象站的逐日气象资料,应用FAO Penman-Monteith方程,计算了参考作物蒸散发量(ET0),分析了贵州省参考作物蒸散发量时空变化特征以及主要影响因素。结果表明:贵州省各个地区年均ET0在634～936mm之间;从1960年到2009年,年参考作物蒸散发量总体呈下降趋势,年际变化率为-1.70mm/a;从20世纪60年代起,各年代ET0呈减小趋势;春季、夏季和冬季的ET0下降趋势显著,秋季的下降趋势不明显;对全年和各个季节的ET0影响最大的气候因素都是日照时数。贵州省显著减小的日照时数可能是ET0呈减小趋势的原因。     

酸改性对褐煤半焦脱除烟气中元素态汞性能的影响

为减少燃煤烟气中零价汞的排放,利用HCl和HNO3溶液对褐煤半焦改性研制了一种高效、低成本的吸附剂.运用酸碱滴定、Boehm滴定、BET、SEM和FTIR等技术对半焦吸附剂的表面特性进行表征与分析,利用固定床吸附实验装置及烟气测汞仪在线考察了半焦吸附剂对气态Hg0的吸附特性.结果表明,酸改性使半焦灰分含量降低,增加了半焦比表面积和羧基、酚羟基等官能团含量.酸改性处理可提高半焦对元素态单质汞的脱除效率,特别是盐酸溶液改性褐煤半焦可使吸附温度为140℃时的脱汞效率显著提高,这与改性半焦表面羧基、酚羟基和C-Cl官能团的含量及性质有关,半焦表面这些官能团能为Hg0的化学吸附提供活性位.     

城市新城区公园沟塘沉积物磷释放风险及影响因素分析

以合肥蜀峰湾体育公园5个水塘和3条沟渠为对象,采集表层沉积物及上覆水样,测算不同季节表层沉积物磷平衡浓度（EPC₀）,并解析其对外源碳或氮添加的响应,据此评估沉积物磷释放风险水平,识别主要环境影响因素.结果表明,该城市公园沟塘沉积物磷素污染处于轻-中度污染水平,总磷（TP）含量为209.28~713.51 mg·kg^-1,生物有效磷含量占TP的质量分数为18.51%~36.21%;环境背景情形下水塘沉积物EPC₀变化范围为0.012~0.142 mg·L^-1（均值0.057 mg·L^-1）,沟渠EPC₀变化范围为0.036~0.156 mg·L^-1（均值0.078 mg·L^-1）;外源碳的添加导致水塘1、3和沟渠1的EPC₀值升高（其中水塘3上升约47.5%）,提高了沉积物磷释放风险,其余沟塘沉积物EPC₀值则出现下降（特别是水塘5下降约58.6%）,意味着磷释放风险水平下降;而在外源氮添加情形下,所有沟塘沉积物EPC₀值都出现了不同程度的下降（沟渠1、2的夏季情形除外）,特别是水塘2表现尤为显著（下降约51.6%）,表明沟塘沉积物磷吸收存在氮限制性;根据偏最小二乘回归分析（PLSR）结果,氮、磷对水塘和沟渠沉积物的EPC₀值影响存在差异.     

Bio-remediation of acephate–Pb(II) compound contaminants by Bacillus subtilis FZUL-33

Removal of Pb~(2+)and biodegradation of organophosphorus have been both widely investigated respectively. However, bio-remediation of both Pb~(2+)and organophosphorus still remains largely unexplored. Bacillus subtilis FZUL-33, which was isolated from the sediment of a lake, possesses the capability for both biomineralization of Pb~(2+)and biodegradation of acephate. In the present study, both Pb~(2+)and acephate were simultaneously removed via biodegradation and biomineralization in aqueous solutions.Batch experiments were conducted to study the influence of p H, interaction time and Pb~(2+)concentration on the process of removal of Pb2+. At the temperature of 25°C, the maximum removal of Pb~(2+)by B. subtilis FZUL-33 was 381.31 ± 11.46 mg/g under the conditions of p H 5.5, initial Pb~(2+)concentration of 1300 mg/L, and contact time of 10 min. Batch experiments were conducted to study the influence of acephate on removal of Pb~(2+)and the influence of Pb2+on biodegradation of acephate by B. subtilis FZUL-33. In the mixed system of acephate–Pb2+, the results show that biodegradation of acephate by B. subtilis FZUL-33 released PO43+, which promotes mineralization of Pb2+. The process of biodegradation of acephate was affected slightly when the concentration of Pb2+was below 100 mg/L. Based on the results, it can be inferred that the B. subtilis FZUL-33 plays a significant role in bio-remediation of organophosphorus-heavy metal compound contamination.     

Growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant responses of two microalgal species, Chlorella vulgaris and Selenastrum capricornutum, to nonylphenol stress

The effect of nonylphenol (NP) on growth, photochemistry and biochemistry of two green microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris and Selenanstrum capricornutum, and their ability to degrade NP were compared. The 96 0;h EC₅₀ of C. vulgaris and S. capricornutum were greater than 4.0 and 1.0 0;mg 0;L⁻¹ NP, respectively, suggesting that the former species was more tolerant to NP. Both microalgae acclimated to NP stress through down-regulating their photosynthetic activities, including antenna size (chlorophyll a content), maximal photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and the light absorbed by PSII (ABS/CS₀), but the dissipation of energy from reaction centres (DI₀/RC) increased with the increase of NP concentrations. In C. vulgaris, the changes of these parameters were more significant than in S. capricornutum and recovered completely after a 96 0;h exposure. The antioxidant responses, such as GSH content, CAT and POD activities in C. vulgaris increased with the increase of NP concentrations after a 24 0;h exposure, but these changes disappeared with exposure time and recovered to the control levels after 96 0;h. In S. capricornutum, although GSH content, CAT and POD activities also increased when exposed to low- to moderate-NP concentrations, these values were significantly reduced at a high concentration (4 0;mg 0;L⁻¹) even after a 96 0;h exposure, indicating its antioxidant responses were significantly delayed. It is clear that the more NP-tolerant species, C. vulgaris, acclimated better with a faster recovery of its photosynthetic activity from the NP-induced damage, and exhibited more efficient and rapid responses to NP-induced oxidative stress. C. vulgaris also had a higher NP degradation ability than S. capricornutum.     

Mercury, lead and cadmium in human milk in relation to diet, lifestyle habits and sociodemographic variables in Madrid (Spain)

Background

Although breastfeeding is the ideal way of nurturing infants, it can be a source of exposure to toxicants. This study reports the concentration of Hg, Pb and Cd in breast milk from a sample of women drawn from the general population of the Madrid Region, and explores the association between metal levels and socio-demographic factors, lifestyle habits, diet and environmental exposures, including tobacco smoke, exposure at home and occupational exposures.

Methods

Breast milk was obtained from 100 women (20 0;mL) at around the third week postpartum. Pb, Cd and Hg levels were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Metal levels were log-transformed due to non-normal distribution. Their association with the variables collected by questionnaire was assessed using linear regression models. Separate models were fitted for Hg, Pb and Cd, using univariate linear regression in a first step. Secondly, multivariate linear regression models were adjusted introducing potential confounders specific for each metal. Finally, a test for trend was performed in order to evaluate possible dose-response relationships between metal levels and changes in variables categories.

Results

Geometric mean Hg, Pb and Cd content in milk were 0.53 0;μg 0;L⁻¹, 15.56 0;μg 0;L⁻¹, and 1.31 0;μg 0;L⁻¹, respectively. Decreases in Hg levels in older women and in those with a previous history of pregnancies and lactations suggested clearance of this metal over lifetime, though differences were not statistically significant, probably due to limited sample size. Lead concentrations increased with greater exposure to motor vehicle traffic and higher potato consumption. Increased Cd levels were associated with type of lactation and tended to increase with tobacco smoking.

Conclusions

Surveillance for the presence of heavy metals in human milk is needed. Smoking and dietary habits are the main factors linked to heavy metal levels in breast milk. Our results reinforce the need to strengthen national food safety programs and to further promote avoidance of unhealthy behaviors such as smoking during pregnancy.     

LCA of local strategies for energy recovery from waste in England, applied to a large municipal flow

An intense waste management (WM) planning activity is currently undergoing in England to build the infrastructure necessary to treat residual wastes, increase recycling levels and the recovery of energy from waste. From the analyses of local WM strategic and planning documents we have identified the emerging of three different energy recovery strategies: established combustion of residual waste; pre-treatment of residual waste and energy recovery from Solid Recovered Fuel in a dedicated plant, usually assumed to be a gasifier; pre-treatment of residual waste and reliance on the market to accept the ‘fuel from waste’ so produced. Each energy recovery strategy will result in a different solution in terms of the technology selected; moreover, on the basis of the favoured solution, the total number, scale and location of thermal treatment plants built in England will dramatically change. To support the evaluation and comparison of these three WM strategy in terms of global environmental impacts, energy recovery possibilities and performance with respect to changing ‘fuel from waste’ market conditions, the LCA comparison of eight alternative WM scenarios for a real case study dealing with a large flow of municipal wastes was performed with the modelling tool WRATE. The large flow of waste modelled allowed to formulate and assess realistic alternative WM scenarios and to design infrastructural systems which are likely to correspond to those submitted for approval to the local authorities. The results show that all alternative scenarios contribute to saving abiotic resources and reducing global warming potential. Particularly relevant to the current English debate, the performance of a scenario was shown to depend not from the thermal treatment technology but from a combination of parameters, among which most relevant are the efficiency of energy recovery processes (both electricity and heat) and the calorific value of residual waste and pre-treated material. The contribution and relative importance of recycling and treatment/recovery processes change with the impact category. The lack of reprocessing plants in the area of the case study has shown the relevance of transport distances for recyclate material in reducing the efficiency of a WM system. Highly relevant to the current English WM infrastructural debate, these results for the first time highlight the risk of a significant reduction in the energy that could be recovered by local WM strategies relying only on the market to dispose of the ‘fuel from waste’ in a non dedicated plant in the case that the SRF had to be sent to landfill for lack of treatment capacity.