新《防震减灾法》浅议——以汶川8.0级地震为例

以汶川8.0级地震为例,对新《防震减灾法》进行了解读,新《防震减灾法》在旧法的基础上,主要完善了防震减灾规划制度、建设工程抗震设防制度,增加了对学校医院等重要建筑和农村民居、乡村公共设施的抗震设防要求的规定,强化了防震减灾群测群防制度以加强对地震灾害的预防;完善了地震应急救援机制;进一步规范了地震灾后过渡性安置和恢复重建制度;加强了政府在防震减灾工作中的领导和协调作用。同时文中也指出了新《防震减灾法》存在的不足。     

海安台地电阻率各向异性变化与地震

应用电阻率的各向异性方法研究了海安台地电阻率变化 ,发现海安台电阻率各向异性变化与其2 50km范围内的M 6 0以上地震有很好的对应。另外 ,对今后海安台附近的地震趋势作了预测。     

超声波/零价铁降解对氯苯胺性能及机理研究

在超声波/零价铁体系中考察了溶液初始pH值、浓度对对氯苯胺降解的影响.在pH值为3～11范围内最佳条件为pH=9;初始浓度为0.1、0.2和0.4 mmol/L时的降解率(180 min)分别为83.2%、63.5%和36.1%.对氯苯胺在单纯铁粉、单纯超声波和超声波/零价铁3种体系中降解符合拟一级反应动力学规律,速率常数分别为6.83×10-4、3.95×10-3和1.01×10-2 min-1,增强因子为218%,表明铁粉与超声波对对氯苯胺降解有明显的协同效应.在体系中加入自由基捕捉剂正丁醇能抑制对氯苯胺的降解,证实对氯苯胺降解主要是依靠羟基自由基的氧化作用.     

Aerobic thermophilic bacteria enhance biogas production

The enhancing effect of aerobic thermophilic (AT) bacteria on the production of biogas from anaerobically digested sewage sludge (methanogenic sludge) was investigated. Sewage sludge (5%, w/w) was incubated at 65°C with shaking for a few months to prepare the AT seed sludge. AT sludge was prepared by incubation of the AT seed sludge (5%, v/v) and sewage sludge (5%, w/w) at 65°C with shaking. The addition of this AT sludge (1.2% ± 0.5% of total volatile solids) to methanogenic sludge enhanced the production of biogas. The optimum volume of the addition and the pretreatment temperature of the AT sludge for optimum biogas production were 5% (v/v) and 65°C. Batch-fed anaerobic digestion was covered with the addition of various AT sludges. The AT sludge prepared with the AT seed sludge improved the biogas production by 2.2 times relative to that from the sewage sludge addition. The addition of sludge without AT seed sludge weakly enhanced biogas production. An aerobic thermophilic bacterium (strain AT1) was isolated from the AT seed sludge. Strain AT1 grew well in a synthetic medium. The production of biogas from the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge was improved by the addition of 5% (v/v) AT1 bacterial culture compared with that from the sewage sludge addition. The addition of AT1 culture reduced the volatile solids by 21%, which was higher than the 12.6% achieved with the sewage sludge addition. The AT1 bacterial culture enhanced the biogas production more than the AT seed sludge. The phylogenetic analysis of the 1603/xxlarge8201.gif" alt="thinsp" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">S rRNA gene revealed that strain AT1 is closely related to Geobacillus thermodenitrificans (100% sequence similarity). The improvement in the production of biogas with the AT sludge could be caused by thermophilic bacterial activity in the AT sludge.     

海洋污染对毛蚶过氧化氢酶影响研究

采用体内染毒实验，研究了海洋常见污染物O#柴油、二甲苯以及重金属镉（Cd^2 ）对毛蚶（Scpharca subcrenata)肌肉过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的影响；并探讨了O#柴油、二甲苯体外染毒对毛蚶肌肉CAT活性的影响。结果表明：在实验剂量范围内，3种污染物在低浓度下对毛蚶肌肉组织中CAT活性均起诱导作用，高浓度则表现为不同程度的抑制作用；O#柴油、二甲苯体外染毒对毛蚶肌肉CAT活性均产生诱导作用；无论体外、体内染毒毛蚶肌肉CAT活性与各污染物浓度间均存在剂量/效应关系。     

锌粉降解地下水中的农药阿特拉津

研究了Zn⁰催化还原模拟地下水中阿特拉津.结果表明,Zn⁰比Fe⁰具有更高的反应活性,反应5d对阿特拉津的降解率为100%,在Zn⁰还原脱氯的过程中,溶液的pH值逐渐增加,反应过程中通过添加磷酸缓冲溶液调节pH值,24h降解率达到100%.阿特拉津降解产物的GC/MS鉴定表明,阿特拉津还原脱氯的产物为2-乙胺基-4-乙丙胺基-1,3,5-三嗪(DCA).     

TiO2纳米粉体材料的制备及其脱除Hg蒸气污染物的研究

燃煤电站产生的汞污染物,是最难控制的巨毒、痕量污染物之一,已引起国内外广泛的研究兴趣.通过液相法制备了两种TiO2纳米粉体材料,对其结构和形貌采用TEM、BET和XRD进行了表征测试,在固定床反应器条件下初步测定了TiO2纳米粉体对单质汞Hg0污染物的脱除效果,研究表明,脱除效率随温度的升高而增加,最高可达60%.     

Detection of a Toxic Product Released by a Polyurethane-Containing Film Using a Composting Test Method Based on a Mineral Bed

The degradation of a film containing a 4,40">diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) poly(0ac;-caprolactone)-based polyurethane was followed in a test system based on a mineral solid bed designed to facilitate analysis of break-down products released under composting conditions. The use of a mineral solid bed can help extraction and analytical procedures which could be hindered by the heterogeneous nature of compost. The fermentation conditions are typical of the composting environment and generate a powerfully degradative environment. The film fully disintegrated within 30 days of treatment. Analysis on the mineral bed extracts showed that: (i) about 40% of the initial polyurethane was still present in the bed extracts; (ii) this residue was strongly degraded in the poly(0ac;-caprolactone) part, while the urethane part was almost completely recovered (from 80 to 95%, according to the measurement method); (iii) 4,40"> diamino diphenyl methane (MDA), a very dangerous product of MDI, was released during biodegradation. The results indicate that a mineral bed can be employed to study degradation and metabolites formation in solid phase fermentation and that the MDI-based polyurethanes are not susceptible of a full degradation during composting and maintain the potential of a slow release of MDA into the environment after soil application.     

Synthesis and environmental degradation of polyesters based on poly (ε-caprolactone)

Poly (0">-caprolactone) (PCL), poly (0">-valerolactone) (PVL), poly (0">-caprolactone-co-0">-valerolactone) [P(CL-co-VL)], and poly (0">-caprolactone-co-ethylene oxide-co-0">-caprolactone) (PCL-PEO-PCL) were synthesized by ring-opening and diol-initiated polymerization of 0">-caprolactone and 0">-valerolactone. The degradation of the samples by chemical hydrolysis and in a soil burial test was evaluated. It was found that PCL, PVL, and P(CL-co-VL) degrade mainly enzymatically. The rate of degradation depends on their molecular weight, chemical structure, composition, and morphology. PCL-PEO-PCL block copolymers exhibit a repelling effect to the microorganisms in the soil, which depends on the molecular weight and relative amount of PEO block in the copolymer.     

Hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation of poly(γ-glutamic acid) hydrogels and their application in slow-release systems for proteins

The hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation of newly developed hydrogels, produced by cross-linking purified poly(0q46410844/xxlarge947.gif" alt="gamma" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-glutamic acid) (0q46410844/xxlarge947.gif" alt="gamma" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">PGA) with dihaloalkane compounds, was studied and is reported in this paper. Analysis of hydrolysis of the hydrogel as a function of pH indicated that the hydrolysis occurred slowly at neutral pH, but fast in both acidic and alkaline solutions, while the polymer could be hydrolyzed rapidly only in acidic solutions. The ester bonds were more sensitive to hydrolysis than peptide bonds. The biodegradability of the hydrogel and polymer was further confirmed when enzymatic degradation was studied by three enzymes (cathepsin B, pronase E, and trypsin), which were able to cleave both ester and peptide bonds gradually. A slow-release system for porcine somatotropin (pST) formed by using the hydrogel as matrix to entrap the hormone was evaluatedin vitro andin vivo. Results demonstrated that the hydrogel was able to release the hormone for a period of 20013;30 days and indicated its potential application in slow-release systems for bioactive materials, especially macromolecules, such as peptides and proteins.