Proposed mechanism for bacterial metabolism of polyacrylate

A possible aerobic degradative pathway for polyacrylate was examined with trimer (1,3,5-pentane tricarboxylic acid; PTCA)-utilizing bacteria. A few metabolic products from PTCA accumulated in culture filtrates and reaction mixtures of washed cells. Fraction A was detected as a main metabolite by high-performance liquid chromatography. A small amount of fraction B was concomitant with fraction A. Another fraction, C, was also detected. These compounds were suggested by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses to be 1,3,5-(1- or 2-pentene)tricarboxylic acid (fraction A or B) and 1,3,5-(2-oxopentane)tricarboxylic acid (fraction C). Fraction A was quickly further metabolized by washed cells, but fraction B was only gradually degraded. From these results, the metabolic pathway for polyacrylate is suggested to be quite similar to05/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-oxidation for saturated fatty acids. The degradation of PTCA by washed cells was slower than that by growing cells and was inhibited by 5 mM NaN₃. This suggests that the metabolism is linked to a respiratory chain or energy-producing system of bacteria which can aerobically assimilate PTCA.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society014;Second National Meeting, August 19013;21, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.     

基于ANFIS的陕西省参考作物蒸散量计算

为有效提高陕西省参考作物蒸散量（ET₀）的计算精度,选取陕西省6个气象站点57 a（1960—2016年）每日气象资料,构建8种基于自适应神经模糊推理系统（ANFIS）的ET₀计算模型,将其与Hargreaves-Samani、Makkink和Iramk等三种在陕西省ET₀计算精度较高的模型进行比较。结果表明：ANFIS模型能较好地反映气象因子与ET₀之间的复杂非线性关系,在仅有气温数据时,ANFIS模型具有足够的精度（平均R²=0.894,平均R_MSE=0.558 mm/d,平均MRE=18.258%）,ANFIS模型的精度随着气象因子数量的增加而增加;在相同气象条件下,ANFIS模型模拟效果最好;ANFIS模型具有较强的泛化能力,基于不同站点也有较高的精度（平均R²=0.974,平均R_MSE=0.276 mm/d,平均MRE=8.608%）,具有很好的可移植性。因此,在缺少气象数据时,ANFIS可以作为陕西省ET₀的计算模型,为农业用水管理及水资源优化配置提供帮助。     

硝基苯厌氧降解过程中Fe0的促进作用

尝试在硝基苯生物厌氧降解过程中,添加零价铁实现电子催化与生物代谢的协同作用,结果发现零价铁能够促进硝基苯的厌氧转化并主要生成苯胺,初始浓度为240.00mg·l-1的硝基苯废水,当厌氧微生物浓度为5000.00mg·l-1左右时,在2L的试验液中,当零价铁投加量由0.50g增加到5.00g时,硝基苯的转化率和苯胺的产生量急剧增加;零价铁的投加量为5.00g时与不加零价铁相比,硝基苯的转化率提高了2.43倍,苯胺的生成量提高了2.12倍;通过设计Fe0,Fe2 ,Fe3 及Fe3O4的对比实验,证明零价铁的作用主要表现为其腐蚀形成Fe2 的过程为硝基苯的厌氧生物转化提供了电子以及该过程中生成的Fe2 和Fe3 的生物营养作用.     

湿法脱硫工艺对烟气中二价汞吸收特性的模拟研究

利用湿法脱硫模拟实验装置,研究脱硫剂(CaO)、有机硫化物(TMT-15)以及不同实验因素(包括SO32-的浓度、反应温度、初始pH值、曝气条件中的O2浓度、初始Hg2+浓度以及Cl-的浓度)对溶液中Hg2+还原过程的影响。研究表明:CaO会抑制Hg2+向Hg0的还原转化,当CaO的加入量从0.3%增至0.7%时,Hg0的释放率会由51.6%降至19.9%;TMT-15对于Hg2+的还原具有明显的影响,TMT-15加入量从0增至0.06 mg/L时,Hg0的释放率可降低10倍左右;溶液中SO32-的浓度是Hg2+还原反应的主要影响因素之一,SO32-浓度的增加会明显促进Hg2+的还原;此外,温度和初始Hg2+的增加对Hg2+的还原亦具有促进作用,而初始pH值、O2百分含量以及Cl-浓度则对Hg2+的还原具有抑制作用。     

Biphasic reduction model for predicting the impacts of dye-bath constituents on the reduction of tris-azo dye Direct Green-1 by zero valent iron (Fe)

Influence of common dye-bath additives, namely sodium chloride, ammonium sulphate, urea, acetic acid and citric acid, on the reductive decolouration of Direct Green 1 dye in the presence of Fe⁰ was investigated. Organic acids improved dye reduction by augmenting Fe⁰ corrosion, with acetic acid performing better than citric acid. NaCl enhanced the reduction rate by its ‘salting out’ effect on the bulk solution and by Cl⁻ anion-mediated pitting corrosion of iron surface. (NH₄)₂SO₄ induced ‘salting out’ effect accompanied by enhanced iron corrosion by SO₄^{2 0;−} anion and buffering effect of NH₄⁺ improved the reduction rates. However, at 2 0;g/L (NH₄)₂SO₄ concentration, complexating of SO₄^{2 0;−} with iron oxides decreased Fe⁰ reactivity. Urea severely compromised the reduction reaction, onus to its chaotropic and ‘salting in’ effect in solution, and due to it masking the Fe⁰ surface. Decolouration obeyed biphasic reduction kinetics (R² 0;> 0;0.993 in all the cases) exhibiting an initial rapid phase, when more than 95% dye reduction was observed, preceding a tedious phase. Maximum rapid phase reduction rate of 0.955/min was observed at pH 0;2 in the co-presence of all dye-bath constituents. The developed biphasic model reckoned the influence of each dye-bath additive on decolouration and simulated well with the experimental data obtained at pH 0;2.     

Fe~0-C-Clay陶粒用于亚甲基蓝模拟废水处理的研究

针对传统微电解工艺存在的填料板结问题,烧制了一种新型微电解材料——Fe0/C/Clay陶粒,并将其应用于亚甲基蓝模拟废水的处理。单因素试验筛选的最佳试验参数为:亚甲基蓝浓度为1 000 mg/L,pH=5,A/L=1.5,HRT=4 h,此时色度去除率和COD去除率分别为90%和58%。紫外可见光谱扫描分析表明:可见光区的吸收明显减少。连续运行试验发现,出水水质稳定时间较长,运行中陶粒填料没有发生板结。     

Fishers’ knowledge detects ecological decay in the Mediterranean Sea

The Northern Adriatic Sea (NAS) is one of the most overexploited marine ecosystems in Europe. Given the gaps in scientific knowledge regarding the NAS, this study sought Fishers’ Ecological Knowledge (FEK) to determine NAS’ historical baselines for conservation. By interviewing 53 fishers in three ports of northern Italy, estimates of the catch rates of four commercial demersal species were generated over a 60-year period, and perceptions of target and non-target species’ diversity and benthic diversity were analysed in three groups of fishers (i.e. novices, experienced and veterans). Results showed a significant decline in perceived abundance of sole (Solea solea), common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) and mantis shrimp (Squilla mantis), and evidence was found of a Shifting Baseline Syndrome (SBS) among novices. Given FEK’s ability to complement scientific knowledge, fishers’ participation in marine management policies and intergenerational communication should be enhanced, to improve the status of marine ecosystems and hinder SBS.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01452-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

华北工业城市夏季大气臭氧生成机制及减排策略

为了分析工业城市臭氧(O₃)污染的特征及形成机制,2021年6月在华北平原淄博市开展了综合观测,利用盒子模型(基于MCMv3.3.1化学机制)探究O₃前体物削减优化方案.结果表明：(1)O₃污染时期伴随静稳、高温低湿和强辐射等气象条件,含氧挥发性有机物(OVOC)和烯烃等人为源挥发性有机物(AVOC)组分对O₃生成潜势(OFP)和·OH反应速率(k_·OH)贡献率最大;(2)模型研究发现O₃主要受本地光化学生成和以输出性为主的区域传输影响,本地污染管控对降低O₃污染更为重要;(3)污染时期高浓度的·OH(10×10⁶ cm^-3)和HO₂·(14×10⁸ cm^-3)引发局地瞬时O₃生成速率高值(峰值36×10^-9 h^-1),HO₂·+NO和·O...     

生物淋滤中硫粉对污泥EPS组分和脱水性的影响

为探讨生物淋滤过程中污泥的脱水性能及其与胞外聚合物（EPS）中蛋白质（PN）、多糖（PS）的关系,以硫粉（S⁰）作为底物,设计了不同S⁰投量（0,2,4,6,8g/L）+10%接种物的实验组进行10d淋滤实验.结果表明：溶解态PN、PS含量和污泥比阻（SRF）在淋滤0~2d降低,之后呈上升趋势,结合态PN、PS含量在淋滤0~8d呈下降趋势,之后略微上升,且S⁰投加量越大,上述变化趋势越明显.统计结果发现,SRF与溶解态PN、PS有显著的正相关性（R=0.861、0.875,P<0.01）.说明不同S⁰投加量导致溶解态PN、PS含量变化从而影响了污泥脱水性能,其中溶解态PS的变化对污泥脱水性能作用更大.S⁰投量为8g/L、淋滤时间为2d时,污泥脱水效果最佳,S⁰投量为2g/L、淋滤时间6d效果次之,SRF分别比原污泥降低58%和54%,又由于后者重金属去除率高于前者,推荐S⁰ 2g/L,温度30℃,淋滤时间6d,pH值降至2.66为最适工艺条件.     

Silver recovery as Ag0 nanoparticles from ion-exchange regenerant solution using electrolysis

Many silver(Ag)containing consumer-products(e.g.textiles)release Ag into the environment,posing ecotoxicological risks.Ag recovery mitigates environmental hazards,recycles Ag,and leads to sustainability.In the present work,Ag has been recovered as Ag~0nanoparticles from the spent solution(thiourea(TU)～0.5 mol/L pH～1.1–1.2,and Ag～550 mg/L)obtained from the regeneration of an Ag-loaded resin using a simple undivided electrolytic cell.The reclaimed regenerant solution has been recycled and reused in a closed-loop scheme over multiple cycles.The process parameters,i.e.,current(0.05 A)and stirring speed(600 r/min),have been optimized for Ag recovery of～94%and TU loss of～2%.The reclaimed regenerant solution has been shown to regenerate Ag-loaded resin samples with90%regeneration efficiency over 4 cycles of consecutive extraction and regeneration.The recovered Ag~0nanoparticles are monodisperse,consistently spherical in shape,and have a mean diameter of～6 nm with standard deviation of the Gaussian fit as～2.66 nm.