“2014.02”贵州强降雪天气过程物理量诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP1°×1°的6h再分析资料,对2014年2月18日贵州大范围强降雪天气的天气形势和物理场进行分析,着重探讨了强降雪时段初期(18日02时)主要积雪区(26°~28°N)的物理量配置情况。结果表明:此次降雪过程是在500 h Pa阶梯槽、700 h Pa切变线和中低空强西南急流以及低层冷空气有效配合下产生的。强降雪主要出现在18日02时至08时,贵州中部(26°~28°N)为主要积雪区,暴雪站分布于27°N线上,强降雪时段各物理量场显示其强度中心皆位于27°N附近,主要积雪区(26°~28°N)物理量配置呈现出:深厚的冷平流(中心值≤-80×10-5℃·s-1);低层有不稳定层结;700 h Pa水汽通量高值区(中心值≥18 g·h Pa-1·cm-1·s-1)、比湿大值区(中心值≥7 g/kg)和高能区(θse中心值≥330 K),低层水汽辐合强烈(中心值≤-4×10-7g·cm-2·h Pa-1·s-1);高层辐散(中心值≥8×10-5·s-1)大于中低层辐合(中心值≤-6×10-5·s-1);上升运动强烈且深厚(中心值≤-1.2×10-2h Pa·s-1);湿层深厚(450 h Pa以下为湿度值≥92%)。     

EM发酵菌在畜禽粪便自然堆肥中的应用研究

畜禽粪便污染是农村主要环境污染,目前农村普遍采用自然堆肥方式处理.本实验模拟自然堆肥方式,加入EM菌微生物菌剂,在高温期进行翻堆通风,通过厌氧和好氧堆肥共同作用,粪便达到腐熟.堆肥过程中跟踪测量堆体温度、并对TOC、TN、TP、TK等技术参数检测,实验结果表明,加入EM菌剂后,发酵周期缩短为自然堆肥腐熟周期的1/3,有效提高高温期最高温度15℃,营养成分没有明显降低.     

连续流动分析法测定水中硫化物的显色剂配制方法研究

针对连续流动分析法测定水中硫化物方法中显色剂N,N-二甲基-1,4苯二胺二盐酸盐保质期短的问题,研究了不同体积比盐酸或硫酸介质对延长显色剂保质期的影响,确定了延长保质期的试剂配制方法,并对该方法的适用性进行了检验.结果显示,体积比10％硫酸介质的显色剂优于盐酸介质显色剂,可以存放一周.使用此显色剂进行硫化物分析检出限为0.003 mg/L,线性范围0.000 mg/L ～2.00 mg/L,平行测定相对偏差0.0％ ～11.8％,加标回收率82.0％～102％,可以满足环境样品分析需求.     

Experimental study of NO2 reduction in N2/Ar and O2/Ar mixtures by pulsed corona discharge

Non-thermal plasma technology has been regarded as a promising alternative technology for NOx removal. The understanding of NO2 reduction characteristics is extremely important since NO2 reduction could lower the total NO oxidation rate in the plasma atmosphere. In this study, NO2 reduction was experimentally investigated using a non-thermal plasma reactor driven by a pulsed power supply for different simulated gas compositions and operating parameters. The NO2 reduction was promoted by increasing the specific energy density （SED）, and the highest conversion rates were 33.7%, 42.1% and 25.7% for Ar, N2/Ar and O2/Ar, respectively. For a given SED, the NO2 conversion rate had the order N2/Ar 〉 Ar 〉 02/Ar. The highest energy yield of 3.31 g/kWh was obtained in N2/Ar plasma and decreased with increasing SED; the same trends were also found in the other two gas compositions. The conversion rate decreased with increasing initial NO2 concentration. Furthermore, the presence of N2 or O2 led to different reaction pathways for NO2 conversion due to the formation of different dominating reactive radicals.     

新型一体式生物流化床-生物滤池处理低C/N废水研究

研究低碳氮比有机废水的高效处理技术具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。采用一体式生物流化床-生物滤池处理低C/N废水。考察了在不同的C/N进水和温度,反应器对污染物的处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,常温下,C/N从1.75提高到2.64,COD去除率维持在85%,氨氮、TN去除率随C/N升高分别提高了8.4%和14.6%。低温时,低氨氮、TN的平均去除率为30%和15%。研究结果为该类型生物反应器工业设计时提供了参考依据。     

锶在地下水及河流中污染监测的应用研究

主要介绍了锶同位素的基本地球化学性质,系统阐述了锶同位素在示踪地下水迁移转化、水-岩相互作用、污染物来源、河流离子来源等方面的应用与进展。利用锶同位素比值可以了解地下水的来源、水化学组成、流经地区岩石的组成等情况,而河流中锶同位素的来源主要分为矿物风化输入、大气输入等,利用质量守恒定律结合锶同位素比值,能够示踪河流中污染来源以及生态系统中营养元素的循环。     

美人蕉根系对不同基质结构水平潜流人工湿地水力特性的影响

为了研究植物根系对不同基质结构潜流人工湿地水力特性的影响,根据填料渗透系数,分别设置单层及多层基质结构潜流人工湿地小试实验系统,以美人蕉作为湿地植物,在植物栽种前与成熟后对两系统分别开展示踪试验研究.实验结果表明,美人蕉根系对于单层结构人工湿地水力特性有较明显的改善作用,有效体积从0.49提高到了0.53,短路值由0.60降低到0.41,水力效率提高最大由43%提高到59%.比较而言,植物根系对多层结构湿地有效体积和短路值有轻微负面影响,而对水力效率则有明显的改善作用(由64%提高到83%).此外,植物成熟后,两人工湿地系统中示踪剂回收率均有所下降,其中,单层结构湿地降低较显著,回收率由72%降到62%.可见,植物根系对系统水力特性有较大影响,应在人工湿地设计过程中给予考虑.     

盐度对好氧颗粒污泥硝化过程中N2O产生量的影响

采用好氧SBR反应器,考察盐度在0、5、10 g·L-1条件下好氧颗粒污泥全程硝化过程中N2O产生量的变化情况以及对系统脱氮效果的影响.结果显示,随着污水中盐度增加,N2O产生量呈递增趋势.在3个盐度下(0、5、10 g·L-1),溶解态N2O产生量分别为1.21、8.99、24.81 mg·m-3,释放态N2O产生量分别为0.95、3.46、16.45 mg·m-3.在盐度为5 g·L-1和10g·L-1条件下,N2O释放速率分别为0 g·L-1时的3.6倍和17.4倍.在3种盐度条件下无论是溶解态N2O还是释放态N2O产生量在硝化过程的变化趋势均是先上升后下降,且溶解态N2O产生量大于释放态产量.另外当盐度浓度较低时(低于5 g·L-1),对NH+4-N去除效果影响较小,NH+4-N的去除率与盐度为0 g·L-1时基本相同,均在98%以上;但当盐度升至10 g·L-1后,NH+4-N的去除率降到了70%.因此,污水中盐度增加不仅影响NH+4-N的去除效率,而且增加N2O产生量.     

冻融对内蒙古温带贝加尔针茅草甸草原N2O通量的影响

本研究以内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验与野外观测实验相结合,分析不同土层、放牧与封育、长期与短期冻融、不同冻融频率与冻融温差强度对草地土壤N2O产生与排放的影响.结果表明:冻融期间,从地表到下层15cm土壤N2O的产生速率随深度的增加而逐渐减少,N2O的产生主要来源于0~9cm的表层土壤;冻融期间温差相同的情况下,冻融次数越多,N2O的产生速率越小;N2O的产生速率随着温差的变小而减少;冻融期间封育样地的N2O排放量大于放牧样地,且封育样地的N2O排放量占全年排放总量的25.09%,大于放牧样地(12.38%),但从观测年排放总量看,放牧却促进了草地N2O源的功能;草地春融期间的N2O排放量是整个冻融期N2O排放量的最大贡献者.     

Sources of nitrous and nitric oxides in paddy soils：Nitrification and denitrification

Rice-paddies are regarded as one of the main agricultural sources of N 2O and NO emissions. To date, however, specific N2O and NO production pathways are poorly understood in paddy soils. ^15N-tracing experiments were carded out to investigate the processes responsible for N2O and NO production in two paddy soils with substantially different soil properties. Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out under aerobic conditions at moisture contents corresponding to 60% of water holding capacity. The relative importance of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of NaO was quantified by periodically measuring and comparing the enrichments of the N2O, NH~-N and NO3-N pools. The results showed that both N2O and NO emission rates in an alkaline paddy soil with clayey texture were substantially higher than those in a neutral paddy soil with silty loamy texture. In accordance with most published results, the ammonium N pool was the main source of N2O emission across the soil profiles of the two paddy soils, being responsible for 59.7% to 97.7% of total N2O emissions. The NO3-N pool of N2O emission was relatively less important under the given aerobic conditions. The rates of N2O emission from nitrification （N2On） among different soil layers were significantly different, which could be attributed to both the differences in gross N nitrification rates and to the ratios of nitrified N emitted as NzO among soil layers. Furthermore, NO fluxes were positively correlated with the changes in gross nitrification rates and the ratios of NO/N2O in the two paddy soils were always greater than one （from 1.26 to 6.47）. We therefore deduce that, similar to N2O, nitrification was also the dominant source of NO in the tested paddy soils at water contents below 60% water holding capacity.