H2S废气处理研究进展

回顾了国外近几年的硫化氢（H2S）废气处理方法及未来研究方向。研究表明,生物法、吸收法、吸附法依然占据主导地位,但研究内容更为深入,涉及面更广泛。有关H2S在环境中的逸散模型的建立和降解反应机理模型表述亦受到关注,这对于环境中H2S浓度的预测、采取相应的处理方法和提高环境管理水平有着深远的意义。     

一株纤维素降解菌株的分离鉴定及产酶特征研究

利用纤维素为唯一碳源的选择性培养基,通过平板分离法,从造纸废水处理池中分离出一株产纤维素酶菌株。经菌落及菌的形态观察,生理生化实验和16SrDNA鉴定,判断其为一株荧光假单胞菌,被命名为Pseudomonas fluorescens sp.strainYL。通过其生长曲线和产酶动力学研究,对数期比生长速率约为0.125h-1。纤维素酶的产生与细菌的生长紧密相关联。该菌在摇瓶培养中以微晶纤维素唯一碳源时,粗酶液的最高CMC酶活出现在培养78h,达到17.12U/mL。然而以微晶纤维素和葡萄糖作为复合碳源时产酶活性最高,70h左右达92.3U/mL,而以蔗糖作为碳源时活性很小。这些结果表明:仅具有还原性基团的低聚糖才可诱导产纤维素酶,大分子纤维素对酶的诱导表达效果不及小分子还原糖,其酶的诱导生成可能是通过小分子还原糖间接实现的。     

Bacterial diversity in Fez tanneries and Morocco’s Binlamdoune River, using 16S RNA gene based fingerprinting

Tannery wastewater causes serious ecological and sanitary damage. Chemical analysis of water from Binlamdoune River of the medina of Fez was conducted and the results revealed the presence of toxic elements from tanneries and other industrial activities, which strongly a ected water quality. To determine the e ectiveness of bioremediation for depollution, we studied the abundance and diversity of bacteria residing in these polluted environments. Conducting denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of the 16S rDNA area using primers related to bacteria showed a bacterial community belonging to eubacterial groups, that is, Epsilonproteobacteria, Clostridia, Lactobacillales, Bacteroidetes, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria. In addition, cloning displayed the presence of clones belonging to the Firmicutes group. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy revealed a significant heterogeneity of microorganism forms and structures. These endogenous microbes could have a significant role in the purification of Binlamdoune River and Fez tannery wastewater.     

NEW METHODS OF MODELING WATER AVAILABILITY FOR AGRICULTURE UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE: THE U.S. CORNBELT1

ABSTRACT: This paper reports on new methods of linking climate change scenarios with hydrologic, agricultural an water planning models to study future water availability for agriculture, an essential element of sustainability. The study is based on the integration of models of water supply and demand, and of crop growth and irrigation management. Consistent modeling assumptions, available databases, and scenario simulations are used to capture a range of possible future conditions. The linked models include WATBAL for water supply; CERES, SOYGRO, and CROPWAT for crop and irrigation modeling; and WEAP for water demand forecasting, planning and evaluation. These models are applied to the U.S. Cornbelt using forecasts of climate change, agricultural production, population and GDP growth. Results suggest that, at least in the near term, the relative abundance of water for agriculture can be maintained under climate change conditions. However, increased water demands from urban growth, increases in reservoir evaporation and increases in crop consumptive use must be accommodated by timely improvements in crop, irrigation and drainage technology, water management, and institutions. These improvements are likely to require substantial resources and expertise. In the highly irrigated basins of the region, irrigation demand greatly exceeds industrial and municipal demands. When improvements in irrigation efficiency are tested, these basins respond by reducing demand and lessening environmental stress with an improvement in system reliability, effects particularly evident under a high technology scenario. Rain-fed lands in the Cornbelt are not forced to invest in irrigation, but there is some concern about increased water-logging during the spring and consequent required increased investment in agricultural drainage. One major water region in the Cornbelt also provides a useful caveat: change will not necessarily be continuous and monotonic. Under one GCM scenario for the 2010s, the region shows a significant decrease in system reliability, while the scenario for the 2020s shows an increase.     

Implementing Ecosystem Management in Public Agencies: Lessons from the U.S. Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service

Abstract:  Ecosystem management was formally adopted over a decade ago by many U.S. natural resource agencies, including the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management. This approach calls for management based on stakeholder collaboration; interagency cooperation; integration of scientific, social, and economic information; preservation of ecological processes; and adaptive management. Results of previous studies indicate differences in the extent to which particular components of ecosystem management would be implemented within the U.S. Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management and suggest a number of barriers thought to impede implementation. Drawing on survey and interview data from agency personnel and stakeholders, we compared levels of ecosystem-management implementation in the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management and identified the most important barriers to implementation. Agency personnel perceived similarly high levels of implementation on many ecosystem-management components, whereas stakeholders perceived lower levels. Agencies were most challenged by implementation of preservation of ecological processes, adaptive management, and integration of social and economic information, whereas the most significant barriers to implementation were political, cultural, and legal.     

海洋沉积物中反硝化细菌的分离鉴定及反硝化性能研究

利用良好的通气条件对反硝化细菌进行富集筛选,同时利用二苯胺试剂和Griess试剂显色反应分别检测NO₃--N的降解和NO₂--N的产生情况,并结合产气量筛选出具有良好耐氧性且反硝化性能优异的菌株. 最终从南海海域沉积物中筛选得到具有较强反硝化能力的细菌,并对目的菌株进行分子鉴定及反硝化能力测试. 结果表明,目的菌株F-8-1能较好地降解培养基中的NO₃--N和NO₂--N,产气快. 气相色谱检测发现,气体样品中的φ(N₂)非常高,接近100%,且未检测出其他氮氧化物气体. 16S rDNA序列分析表明,菌株F-8-1与假单胞菌属具有99%的序列相似性和很高的同源性.菌株F-8-1在有氧及高盐环境中生长良好.      

大气CO2浓度升高和氮肥施用对三江平原湿地小叶章生物量及根冠比的影响

利用开顶箱薰气室（open—top chamber）试验装置,研究了不施氮（NN）、施常氮（MN,5g·m^2）和施高氮（HN,15g·m^2）3个氮素水平下大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章（Calamagrostis angustifolia）生物量和根冠比的影响。结果表明,大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章生物量的影响因生长期而异。大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章地上生物量的促进作用主要表现在生长前期,拔节期和抽穗期地上生物量较正常大气CO2浓度增加12．42％～22．60％,而腊熟期和成熟期仅增加3．11％～12．97％;大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章地下生物量的促进作用在生长后期表现明显,除拔节期外,小叶章地下生物量增加17．63％～42．20％。小叶章生物量和根冠比对大气CO2浓度的响应与供N水平有关。在HN水平下,大气CO2浓度升高使小叶章生物量和根冠比明显增加,在NN条件下促进作用则不显著。小叶章根冠比明显增加主要是地下生物量显著增长引起的。     

河西走廊石羊河下游地区盐碱土中放线菌多样性

为了解甘肃省河西走廊石羊河流域地区盐碱土中放线菌种群结构及多样性,采用非培养法对河西走廊石羊河下游流域的3种不同类型土样(原生盐碱土、次生盐碱土和农田土)的总DNA进行提取,用放线菌特异性引物对16S rRNA基因进行扩增,构建放线菌16S rRNA克隆文库.用HaeⅢ和HhaⅠ两种限制性内切酶对阳性克隆子进行16S rDNA扩增片段限制性内切酶分析(Amplifed Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis,ARDRA),提取酶切带型不同的菌液进行测序,构建其系统发育树并进行多样性指数分析.结果显示:原生盐碱土克隆文库中90个阳性克隆分归于20个OTUs,分属于微球菌科(Micrococcaceae)、中村氏菌科(Nakamurellaceae)、类诺卡氏菌科(Nocardioidaceae)、链霉菌科(Streptomycetaceae)、棒状杆菌科(Corynebacteriaceae)、诺卡氏菌科(Nocardiaceae)和未知类群;次生盐碱土克隆文库中98个阳性克隆分归于32个OTUs,分属于纤维素单胞菌科(Cellulomonadaceae)、微球菌科(Micrococcaceae)、地嗜皮菌科(Geodermatophilaceae)、类诺卡氏菌科(Nocardioidaceae)、小单孢菌科(Micromonosporaceae)、伪诺卡氏菌科(Pseudonocardiaceae)、链霉菌科(Streptomycetaceae)、链孢囊菌科(Streptosporangiaceae)、高温单孢菌科(Thermomonosporaceae)、动孢囊菌科(Kineosporiaceae)、糖霉菌科(Glycomycetaceae)和未知类群;农田土克隆文库中98个阳性克隆分归于10个OTUs,分属于微球菌科(Micrococcaceae)、博戈里亚湖菌科(Bogoriellaceae)、地嗜皮菌科(Geodermatophilaceae)、中村氏菌科(Nakamurellaceae)、类诺卡氏菌科(Nocardioidaceae)和未知类群.其中,微球菌亚目(Micrococcineae)是3种不同类型土壤中的优势类群.多样性指数和稀释性曲线分析结果显示,3种不同类型土壤中放线菌多样性为次生盐碱土>原生盐碱土>农田土.     

青春期双酚A结构类似物暴露对小鼠行为的影响

作为重要的环境内分泌干扰物,双酚A的神经发育毒性已经引起广泛关注,其结构类似物对健康影响相关研究少有报道。为探讨双酚A结构类似物长期暴露对个体抑郁行为的影响,选取60只小鼠随机分为5组,每组12只。小鼠分别灌胃给予0、5、50 mg·kg~(-1)的双酚F或双酚S,连续给药4周。给药结束后,利用强迫游泳测试和悬尾测试评价小鼠抑郁样行为,同时监测小鼠体质量增加和自发活动情况。结果表明,与溶媒对照组比较,持续4周的双酚F和双酚S给药组小鼠的体质量变化和自发活动均无显著差异;5mg·kg~(-1)的双酚F或双酚S处理均不显著改变小鼠的抑郁行为,50 mg·kg~(-1)双酚F显著增加小鼠悬尾和强迫游泳测试中的不动时间,50mg·kg~(-1)双酚S处理显著增加小鼠悬尾测试中的不动时间。研究结果提示高浓度双酚F和双酚S在青春期的暴露可导致成年后小鼠抑郁样行为异常,应当引起重视。     

Evidences showing 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron-induced DNA damage in cyanobacteria and detection by PCR

The impact of 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron in inducing DNA damage in three species of cyanobacteria-Anabaena fertilissima, Aulosira fertilissima, and Westiellopsis prolifica as evidenced by PCR-based assays: RAPD and 16S rRNA amplification was examined. Exposure of genomic DNA (in vitro) to pencycuron for 4 days did not produce severe damage in DNA fragments of all three cyanobacterial species whereas exposure to 2,4-D ethyl ester markedly inhibited the template activity of genomic DNA compared to untreated cultures of A. fertilissima. In A. fertilissima a single band of approximately 1000?bp was observed even after 16 days of exposure to 60?ppm pencycuron which suggests that certain segments of DNA are resistant to pencycuron DNA damaging effects. However, a significant effect was observed in the case of W. prolifica for 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron where complete disappearance of fragments was not recorded even after 16 days of incubation and interestingly some new DNA bands were induced. Similar to the effects with RAPD profile, amplification of rRNA was significantly inhibited following exposure of genomic DNA to 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron. Our findings clearly demonstrate that pesticide concentrations affected cyanobacterial DNA and lethality of these microbes might be due to irreversible DNA damage. Thus, it is postulated that PCR assays may be conveniently used for screening DNA damage produced by 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron in all three cyanobacteria examined in this study.