贫营养条件下EPS、SMP和微生物多样性的研究

为了考察活性污泥在营养缺乏的条件下,胞外聚合物（EPS）、溶解性微生物产物（SMP）和微生物种群结构自身的变化情况,为优化MBR系统运行、延缓膜污染等提供理论依据,对天津大学游泳馆MBR中的污泥混合液进行贫营养实验,测定了污泥混合液中EPS和SMP的含量,通过聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）技术和克隆测序技术对微生物多样性进行分析,根据序列数据进行同源性分析并构建系统进化树.实验初期,EPS和SMP的浓度由15.04 mg/g和0 mg/g分别上升到17.99 mg/g和3.29 mg/g.随着实验的进行,EPS有很大的降低,最终只有2.40 mg/g;SMP则一直在3.5 mg/g左右变化.实验表明,EPS和SMP对外界环境变化具有一定的缓冲作用,并且在营养缺乏的条件下微生物能够以降解EPS和SMP来维持自身生命活动.由于对EPS和SMP的利用,污泥的Shannon多样性指数由最初的0.81上升到最高时的1.09,随后开始降低,并最终稳定在0.95.克隆测序的结果表明,污泥中微生物的种类比较丰富,并且优势菌种大部分为未经培养菌种.部分菌种能够通过产生蛋白质和多糖水解酶来实现对EPS和SMP的降解,主要属于拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)、黄杆菌(Flavobacterium）、腐螺旋菌(Saprospiraceae)和厚壁门菌(Firmicutes)等.     

多功能细菌复合系NSC-7的菌种组成多样性

NSC-7是一组具有降解纤维素和林丹双重功能的细菌复合系.为系统了解复合系的菌种组成,在有氧条件下,利用传统的平板画线法分离到11株单菌,将11株单菌按体积比1∶1重新组合并不具备分解纤维素的能力,利用单层和双层平板滤纸法检测NSC-7的分解能力,发现只有双层平板上的滤纸变黄且降解,说明复合系内纤维素降解的关键菌是厌氧或微好氧菌.利用现代分子生物学技术对NSC-7构建克隆文库,获得了195个16S rDNA片断,经DGGE筛选获得25个代表克隆,其序列数据库比对结果中有60％的近缘种为已知菌,分别归属于Clostridium、Petrobacter、Bacteria、Paenibacillus、Proteobacterium 5个属,其余40％的近缘种为难培养菌株.     

人工湿地污水处理系统中氧化亚氮的释放规律研究

利用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了潜流和表面流人工湿地系统中N2O的释放规律和相关的氨氧化细菌.结果表明,潜流和表面流人工湿地的N2O平均通量分别为296.5μg.(m2.h)-1和28.2μg.(m2.h)-1,总体上均表现为大气N2O的排放源,前者的N2O平均释放通量高于农田、森林、草原和沼泽湿地等生态系统,潜流方式促进了N2O的释放.潜流和表面流人工湿地N2O通量有较大的月份差异和明显的日变化特征,最高值出现在7月,分别为(762.9±239.3)μg.(m2.h)-1和(91.9±20.3)μg.(m2.h)-1,一天中的极大值和极小值分别出现在中午和凌晨.温度和芦苇的生长情况对N2O通量有一定的影响.人工湿地系统进水端,较高浓度的污水和充足的碳、氮源,促进了硝化和反硝化过程,使得N2O通量均高于出水端.克隆结果表明,人工湿地污水处理系统中与N2O产生相关的氨氧化细菌主要为Nitrosomonas和Nitrosospira.     

H2S废气处理研究进展

回顾了国外近几年的硫化氢（H2S）废气处理方法及未来研究方向。研究表明,生物法、吸收法、吸附法依然占据主导地位,但研究内容更为深入,涉及面更广泛。有关H2S在环境中的逸散模型的建立和降解反应机理模型表述亦受到关注,这对于环境中H2S浓度的预测、采取相应的处理方法和提高环境管理水平有着深远的意义。     

一株纤维素降解菌株的分离鉴定及产酶特征研究

利用纤维素为唯一碳源的选择性培养基,通过平板分离法,从造纸废水处理池中分离出一株产纤维素酶菌株。经菌落及菌的形态观察,生理生化实验和16SrDNA鉴定,判断其为一株荧光假单胞菌,被命名为Pseudomonas fluorescens sp.strainYL。通过其生长曲线和产酶动力学研究,对数期比生长速率约为0.125h-1。纤维素酶的产生与细菌的生长紧密相关联。该菌在摇瓶培养中以微晶纤维素唯一碳源时,粗酶液的最高CMC酶活出现在培养78h,达到17.12U/mL。然而以微晶纤维素和葡萄糖作为复合碳源时产酶活性最高,70h左右达92.3U/mL,而以蔗糖作为碳源时活性很小。这些结果表明:仅具有还原性基团的低聚糖才可诱导产纤维素酶,大分子纤维素对酶的诱导表达效果不及小分子还原糖,其酶的诱导生成可能是通过小分子还原糖间接实现的。     

Bacterial diversity in Fez tanneries and Morocco’s Binlamdoune River, using 16S RNA gene based fingerprinting

Tannery wastewater causes serious ecological and sanitary damage. Chemical analysis of water from Binlamdoune River of the medina of Fez was conducted and the results revealed the presence of toxic elements from tanneries and other industrial activities, which strongly a ected water quality. To determine the e ectiveness of bioremediation for depollution, we studied the abundance and diversity of bacteria residing in these polluted environments. Conducting denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of the 16S rDNA area using primers related to bacteria showed a bacterial community belonging to eubacterial groups, that is, Epsilonproteobacteria, Clostridia, Lactobacillales, Bacteroidetes, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria. In addition, cloning displayed the presence of clones belonging to the Firmicutes group. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy revealed a significant heterogeneity of microorganism forms and structures. These endogenous microbes could have a significant role in the purification of Binlamdoune River and Fez tannery wastewater.     

不同空间位点沉积物理化性质与微生物多样性垂向分布规律

运用化学分析方法和PCR-DGGE技术从沉积物化学及基因角度对太湖不同空间位点沉积柱理化性质(pH、Eh)、营养盐(TN、TP、OM)及微生物多样性的垂向分布及相关性进行研究.结果表明,沉积物Eh在水-土界面处于轻度还原状态,表层下,随沉积深度的增加迅速下降,还原性逐渐增强.沉积物pH在整个剖面上变化幅度不大,在7.2～7.8变动.沉积物中含有丰富的营养盐,总氮和总磷最高含量分别为 2.436 mg/g和 0.731 mg/g,其剖面分布特征表明,沉积物表层总氮和总磷含量远高于底层,其含量随深度增加而降低.沉积物有机质含量在15 cm以上变化幅度较大,随着沉积深度的增加,有机质含量明显减少.沉积物中微生物群落结构显示了明显的空间分布多样性差异.三位点TN与OM之间均存在显著的相关性,但理化指标与营养盐以及微生物群落多样性指标之间不存在显著的相关性.     

Potential Effects of the United States-Mexico Border Fence on Wildlife

Abstract:  Security infrastructure along international boundaries threatens to degrade connectivity for wildlife. To explore potential effects of a fence under construction along the U.S.–Mexico border on wildlife, we assessed movement behavior of two species with different life histories whose regional persistence may depend on transboundary movements. We used radiotelemetry to assess how vegetation and landscape structure affect flight and natal dispersal behaviors of Ferruginous Pygmy-Owls ( Glaucidium brasilianum ), and satellite telemetry, gene-flow estimates, and least-cost path models to assess movement behavior and interpopulation connectivity of desert bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis mexicana ). Flight height of Pygmy-Owls averaged only 1.4 m (SE 0.1) above ground, and only 23% of flights exceeded 4 m. Juvenile Pygmy-Owls dispersed at slower speeds, changed direction more, and had lower colonization success in landscapes with larger vegetation openings or higher levels of disturbance ( p ≤ 0.047), which suggests large vegetation gaps coupled with tall fences may limit transboundary movements. Female bighorn sheep crossed valleys up to 4.9 km wide, and microsatellite analyses indicated relatively high levels of gene flow and migration (95% CI for F_ST= 0.010–0.115, Nm = 1.9–24.8, M = 10.4–15.4) between populations divided by an 11-km valley. Models of gene flow based on regional topography and movement barriers suggested that nine populations of bighorn sheep in northwestern Sonora are linked by dispersal with those in neighboring Arizona. Disruption of transboundary movement corridors by impermeable fencing would isolate some populations on the Arizona side. Connectivity for other species with similar movement abilities and spatial distributions may be affected by border development, yet mitigation strategies could address needs of wildlife and humans.     

缺氧反硝化除磷菌驯X菌的筛选与生长条件优化

以SBR强化生物除磷装置污泥为研究对象,进行反硝化除磷菌的筛选,并用传统与现代分子生物学相结合手段确定其分类地位,同时采用响应面分析试验进行菌的生长条件优化. 结果表明:驯X菌的生理生化指标显示其具有缺氧反硝化除磷功能,根据细菌形态观察、培养特征、生理生化指标和16S rDNA测序结果,驯X菌与Escherichia coli最相似,同源性高达99.9%,因此驯X菌(Escherichia coli)是缺氧反硝化除磷菌. 由响应面分析可知,影响驯X菌生长的关键因素次序为ρ(碳源)＞pH＞ρ(氮源),二次项中ρ(碳源)2也是唯一的显著因素,ρ(碳源)对菌的生长具有决定作用;其中碳源采用乙酸钠+葡萄糖,氮源采用硫酸铵+蛋白胨. 驯X菌的最优化生长条件:ρ(碳源)为3.48g/L,ρ(氮源)为1.22 g/L,pH为8.00,此时实测的菌浊平均值为0.732.      

一株聚丁二酸丁二醇酯降解菌的分离鉴定

以聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）为唯一碳源,通过滤纸片法对西安郊区土壤中可有效降解PBS聚合物的微生物进行分离,并成功获得一株降解效果最为明显的细菌菌株,其在30 d内可使PBS聚合物的数均分子量降低19.80%。采用生理生化实验以及16S rDNA序列对比分析对该菌株进行了鉴定。结果表明,该菌株的生理生化特征与铜绿假单胞菌属相似,且其16SrDNA序列与Pseudomonas aeruginosa 39016 contig 00492的核苷酸序列同源性达99%,结合生理、生化指标鉴定结果,进一步确定该菌株为铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudanonas aeruginosa）。该菌株的分离鉴定为进一步研究PBS聚合物的生物降解特性及机理等奠定了基础。