低浓度硫化氢恶臭气体的生化处理研究

采用生物膜填料塔净化低浓度硫化氢恶臭气体，研究了进气负荷，液体喷淋量，气体流量和ＰＨ值等因素对生物净化低浓度硫化氢恶臭气体净化性能的影响，为下一步工业应用提供基础数据。     

城市污泥堆肥过程中H2S的释放动态及其控制策略

以城市污泥为对象，研究了不同堆肥原料配比对H2S释放的影响．结果表明，在堆肥过程中，尽管从释放H2S浓度的动态变化来看存在一定的波动，但总体趋势是：降温期〉高温期〉升温期．采用堆肥物料上、下分层的处理，堆肥所需时问较短，堆体腐熟时H2S的总释放量也最少；同时，采用大功率风机进行鼓风，堆体释放H2S浓度的最大值降低．因此，在城市污泥的堆肥中，采用堆肥物料上下分层与大功率风机相结合的措施，既可以减少H2S的释放量，又可以缩短堆肥时间，是一种有潜在应用价值的堆肥技术．     

Peroxymonosulfate activation by Fe-N-S co-doped tremella-like carbocatalyst for degradation of bisphenol A: Synergistic effect of pyridine N, Fe-Nx, thiophene S

Bisphenol A (BPA) has received increasing attention due to its long-term industrial application and persistence in environmental pollution. Iron-based carbon catalyst activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) shows a good prospect for effective elimination of recalcitrant contaminants in water. Herein, considering the problem about the leaching of iron ions and the optimization of heteroatoms doping, the iron, nitrogen and sulfur co-doped tremella-like carbon catalyst (Fe-NS@C) was rationally designed using very little iron, S-C₃N₄ and low-cost chitosan (CS) via the impregnation-calcination method. The as-prepared Fe-NS@C exhibited excellent performance for complete removal of BPA (20 mg/L) by activating PMS with the high kinetic constant (1.492 min⁻¹) in 15 min. Besides, the Fe-NS@C/PMS system not only possessed wide pH adaptation and high resistance to environmental interference, but also maintained an excellent degradation efficiency on different pollutants. Impressively, increased S-C₃N₄ doping amount modulated the contents of different N species in Fe-NS@C, and the catalytic activity of Fe-NS@C-1-x was visibly enhanced with increasing S-C₃N₄ contents, verifying pyridine N and Fe-N_x as main active sites in the system. Meanwhile, thiophene sulfur (C-S-C) as active sites played an auxiliary role. Furthermore, quenching experiment, EPR analysis and electrochemical test proved that surface-bound radicals (^·OH and SO₄^⋅−) and non-radical pathways worked in the BPA degradation (the former played a dominant role). Finally, possible BPA degradation route were proposed. This work provided a promising way to synthesize the novel Fe, N and S co-doping carbon catalyst for degrading organic pollutants with low metal leaching and high catalytic ability.     

中外灭火专业标准体系比较研究

为明确我国灭火专业标准体系发展的方向和重点,分别从灭火剂、灭火器、灭火救援装备、消防通信和灭火救援管理5个方面对我国和国际消防标准化组织、美国消防标准研究机构及协会发布的灭火救援标准共200项进行了比较研究。结果表明,我国固体和液体灭火剂标准处于国际领先水平,但气体灭火剂标准未涉及部分新型卤代烷气体灭火剂;灭火器标准修订情况落后于国际标准;灭火装备类标准数量较多,但不够全面且缺乏系统性;消防通信系统标准落后于目前通信技术的发展;灭火救援管理类标准是我国消防标准化最为薄弱的方面。针对上述问题,对我国灭火专业标准体系的发展和完善提出了改进意见。     

Detection of dioxygenase genes present in various activated sludge

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Activated sludge from refineries contains various microorganisms that could utilize aromatics under aerobic conditions due to the oxygenase enzymes. Dioxygenase enzymes are oxygenases, which are involved in the ring cleavage step of aromatic hydrocarbons. In this study, the selected catabolic loci involved in ring cleavage have been monitored in the activated sludge samples at different time intervals. The investigation of the dioxygenase genes in the Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs) and evaluation of their presence at different time points provides a clue for the aromatic utilizing potential of the inherent microbial flora. METHODS: The catabolic gene loci pheB, xylE, tod-isp, bed and nahG responsible for the enzymes catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, toluene dioxygenase-iron-sulphur protein component, benzene dioxygenase and naphthalene dioxygenase were used respectively. The time dependent change in eubacterial population was demonstrated by the amplification of 16S rDNA product, followed by restriction digestion. The template DNA was obtained from the activated sludge collected from ETPs. The supporting physiological data for the overall performance of sludge was developed using respirometric analysis. The on-site COD and MLSS analysis for ETP was used in final evaluation. The study was carried out with samples collected from three different ETPs and also from a selected ETP at different time intervals. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The respirometric studies were carried out with phenol, catechol, toluene, and naphthalene to arrive at the target genotypes for further study by PCR protocol. The respirometric analysis coupled with the COD and MLSS analysis represented the physiological capacity of the various sludges. Initially, the tracking protocol was optimized by using different sludge samples, which were collected from refineries. The selected genotypes were amplified and their presence has been confirmed using Southern analysis. The gene loci tod-isp, bed and xylE were commonly observed at various time intervals of the sludge from the same source. The gene loci pheB and nahG were found to be relatively rare. CONCLUSION: The 16S rDNA PCR products after restriction digestion produced different DNA fingerprint patterns, suggesting that the microbial community composition was diverse in the three sources. Similarly, the presence of the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, benzene dioxygenase and toluene dioxygenase genes confirmed the aromatic degrading potential in the various sludges. The probes could not pick the nahG and pheB genes. However, the respirometeric assay suggested that the oxidative capacity to use naphthalene as a substrate exists. RECOMMENDATION AND PERSPECTIVE: Our study of the diversity at various time points from the ETP provided an overview of the shifts of the catabolic composition of the sludge. This also depends on the influential parameters like the incoming pollutant level and the environmental conditions that are prevailing and often changing from time to time. The results of direct DNA extraction and PCR amplification do reflect the relative abundance of a particular catabolic genotype, which could be used to monitor the efficiency of treatment.     

一株脱硫菌的鉴定及其对H2S的降解能力

取污水处理厂有生物活性的污泥,经富集培养、分离纯化得到1株脱硫活性较高的菌株CTD843-T-3,将其载入生物滴滤塔中对H2S进行连续脱硫反应.当最佳反应温度为30℃、pH为6.0、H2S进口浓度为500～3000mg·m-3时,菌株对H2S的去除率可保持在92％以上,H2S最高负荷率可达6.5g·m-3·h-1.通过形态生理特征和16SrDNA序列分析对CTD843-T-3进行鉴定,结果表明该菌株为椭球状,大小为0.4～0.6μm,为革兰阴性菌,属假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).     

同时产甲烷反硝化颗粒污泥中微生物群落结构

在UASB成功运行同时产甲烷反硝化小试基础上,针对反应器内颗粒污泥,通过构建古菌和细菌的16SrDNA基因文库、RADAR遗传变异分型和测序比对等技术进行了微生物系统发育关系和群落结构分析.结果表明,在颗粒污泥的古菌中,产甲烷髦毛菌和产甲烷杆菌是主要菌群,随机选出的88个古菌克隆子,这两类古菌的16SrDNA序列分别占古菌总量71.59%和22.73%;而颗粒污泥中细菌的多样性要高于古菌,低GC革兰氏阳性菌和ε变型菌纲分支的细菌是细菌的主要菌群,在随机选出的133个细菌克隆子中,这2类细菌的16SrDNA序列分别占细菌总量的49.62%和12.03%.     

脱氮硫杆菌的分离鉴定和反硝化特性研究

从土壤中分离到1株高活性自养反硝化菌TD,并对其进行了鉴定和硝酸盐还原特性研究.该菌株为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,严格自养.16S rDNA序列分析表明.该菌株与ThiobaciUus denitrificans相似性为99.85%.结合生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析,确定菌株TD为脱氮硫杆菌.通过对该菌的生长特性和反硝化特性的研究表明,该菌在初始pH为6.85,32.8℃培养条件下脱氮效果最佳;在初始pH为6.90,29.5℃培养条件下生长最快.该菌生长比较缓慢,没有明显的稳定期,对数生长期阶段的反硝化能力最强,反硝化速率最快,达到了2.245 mg·(L·h)-1,在培养过程中培养基pH值明显下降.较高盐度对该菌株的反硝化活性有抑制作用.该菌株的急性毒性实验结果显示,脱氮硫杆菌对健康鱼体几乎无毒,属于无毒性菌株.     

复合光合细菌对鱼塘水氨态氮H2S的去除效应

采用厌氧光照富集法培养光能有机异养型光合细菌A液和光能无机自养型光合细菌B液,将A液和B液配合成复合光合细菌,将其投放到鱼塘水中,结果表明按2%投放复合光合细菌对鱼塘水净化效果最佳,其中对NH3—N去除率88.89%;对H2S去除率91.67%。     

利用PCR-DGGE技术分析乳制品中的乳酸菌

在食品发酵行业,需要一种简捷有效的方法检测发酵产品中的有益微生物.聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(Ploymerase chain reaction and denaturing gredient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)技术广泛应用于微生物生态学的研究.采用PCR-DGGE对5种含有乳酸菌的乳制品进行了菌群组成分析,并通过传统培养方法和核酸序列分析进行了验证.结果表明,所有测试样品中的活菌数量都在106～109 cfu/mL之间,通过平板培养法分离出了形态明显的杆状菌和链球状菌,对其进行16S rDNA核酸序列测定及同源性分析,将其鉴定为德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus delbrueckii)和嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus).建立了由已知乳酸菌组成的DGGE参考阶梯(Reference ladder),可用其对相应菌株进行DGGE鉴定.用两对不同引物进行PCR-DGGE分析,除样品1外,试样中均检测到德氏乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌.对DGGE参考阶梯未能直接鉴定的样品1的电泳条带进行同收、序列分析,分别鉴定为卷曲乳杆菌(L.crispatus)和鼠李糖乳杆菌(L.rhamnosus).同时发现,引物R518-F357对嗜热链球菌模板的识别效率高于引物Lac1GC-HDA2.以上结果表明,RCRDGGE技术可以对样品中的乳酸菌进行快速的分析和鉴定.图4表1参30