缺氧反硝化除磷菌驯X菌的筛选与生长条件优化

以SBR强化生物除磷装置污泥为研究对象,进行反硝化除磷菌的筛选,并用传统与现代分子生物学相结合手段确定其分类地位,同时采用响应面分析试验进行菌的生长条件优化. 结果表明:驯X菌的生理生化指标显示其具有缺氧反硝化除磷功能,根据细菌形态观察、培养特征、生理生化指标和16S rDNA测序结果,驯X菌与Escherichia coli最相似,同源性高达99.9%,因此驯X菌(Escherichia coli)是缺氧反硝化除磷菌. 由响应面分析可知,影响驯X菌生长的关键因素次序为ρ(碳源)＞pH＞ρ(氮源),二次项中ρ(碳源)2也是唯一的显著因素,ρ(碳源)对菌的生长具有决定作用;其中碳源采用乙酸钠+葡萄糖,氮源采用硫酸铵+蛋白胨. 驯X菌的最优化生长条件:ρ(碳源)为3.48g/L,ρ(氮源)为1.22 g/L,pH为8.00,此时实测的菌浊平均值为0.732.      

Potential Effects of the United States-Mexico Border Fence on Wildlife

Abstract:  Security infrastructure along international boundaries threatens to degrade connectivity for wildlife. To explore potential effects of a fence under construction along the U.S.–Mexico border on wildlife, we assessed movement behavior of two species with different life histories whose regional persistence may depend on transboundary movements. We used radiotelemetry to assess how vegetation and landscape structure affect flight and natal dispersal behaviors of Ferruginous Pygmy-Owls ( Glaucidium brasilianum ), and satellite telemetry, gene-flow estimates, and least-cost path models to assess movement behavior and interpopulation connectivity of desert bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis mexicana ). Flight height of Pygmy-Owls averaged only 1.4 m (SE 0.1) above ground, and only 23% of flights exceeded 4 m. Juvenile Pygmy-Owls dispersed at slower speeds, changed direction more, and had lower colonization success in landscapes with larger vegetation openings or higher levels of disturbance ( p ≤ 0.047), which suggests large vegetation gaps coupled with tall fences may limit transboundary movements. Female bighorn sheep crossed valleys up to 4.9 km wide, and microsatellite analyses indicated relatively high levels of gene flow and migration (95% CI for F_ST= 0.010–0.115, Nm = 1.9–24.8, M = 10.4–15.4) between populations divided by an 11-km valley. Models of gene flow based on regional topography and movement barriers suggested that nine populations of bighorn sheep in northwestern Sonora are linked by dispersal with those in neighboring Arizona. Disruption of transboundary movement corridors by impermeable fencing would isolate some populations on the Arizona side. Connectivity for other species with similar movement abilities and spatial distributions may be affected by border development, yet mitigation strategies could address needs of wildlife and humans.     

Human drivers,biophysical changes,and climatic variation affecting contemporary cropping proportions in the northern prairie of the U.S

Grassland to cropland conversion in the northern prairie of the United States has been a topic of recent land use change studies. Within this region more corn and soybeans are grown now (2017) than in the past, but most studies to date have not examined multi-decadal trends and the synergistic web of socio-ecological driving forces involved, opting instead for short-term analyses and easily targeted agents of change. This paper examines the coalescing of biophysical and socioeconomic driving forces that have brought change to the agricultural landscape of this region between 1980 and 2013. While land conversion has occurred, most of the region’s cropland in 2013 had been previously cropped by the early 1980s. Furthermore, the agricultural conditions in which crops were grown during those three decades have changed considerably because of non-biophysical alterations to production practices and changing agricultural markets. Findings revealed that human drivers played more of a role in crop change than biophysical changes, that blending quantitative and qualitative methods to tell a more complete story of crop change in this region was difficult because of the synergistic characteristics of the drivers involved, and that more research is needed to understand how farmers make crop choice decisions.     

NEW METHODS OF MODELING WATER AVAILABILITY FOR AGRICULTURE UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE: THE U.S. CORNBELT1

ABSTRACT: This paper reports on new methods of linking climate change scenarios with hydrologic, agricultural an water planning models to study future water availability for agriculture, an essential element of sustainability. The study is based on the integration of models of water supply and demand, and of crop growth and irrigation management. Consistent modeling assumptions, available databases, and scenario simulations are used to capture a range of possible future conditions. The linked models include WATBAL for water supply; CERES, SOYGRO, and CROPWAT for crop and irrigation modeling; and WEAP for water demand forecasting, planning and evaluation. These models are applied to the U.S. Cornbelt using forecasts of climate change, agricultural production, population and GDP growth. Results suggest that, at least in the near term, the relative abundance of water for agriculture can be maintained under climate change conditions. However, increased water demands from urban growth, increases in reservoir evaporation and increases in crop consumptive use must be accommodated by timely improvements in crop, irrigation and drainage technology, water management, and institutions. These improvements are likely to require substantial resources and expertise. In the highly irrigated basins of the region, irrigation demand greatly exceeds industrial and municipal demands. When improvements in irrigation efficiency are tested, these basins respond by reducing demand and lessening environmental stress with an improvement in system reliability, effects particularly evident under a high technology scenario. Rain-fed lands in the Cornbelt are not forced to invest in irrigation, but there is some concern about increased water-logging during the spring and consequent required increased investment in agricultural drainage. One major water region in the Cornbelt also provides a useful caveat: change will not necessarily be continuous and monotonic. Under one GCM scenario for the 2010s, the region shows a significant decrease in system reliability, while the scenario for the 2020s shows an increase.     

滚筒式高温堆肥中微生物种类数量的研究

定量地研究了城市生活垃圾高温好氧堆肥中微生物的种类和数量分离鉴定出了细菌5属20株、霉菌8属13株、放线菌1属3株、酵母菌2属2株．探明了高温好氧堆肥能杀灭绝大多数细菌,细菌和霉菌是堆肥的优势类群,芽孢杆菌和曲霉菌是优势种．     

荧光原位杂交在环境微生物学中的应用及进展

荧光原位杂交技术广泛用于分析复杂环境的微生物群落构成,可以在自然生境中监测和鉴定微生物,并能对未被培养的微生物进行检测.rRNA为靶序列寡核苷酸或PNA探针的荧光原位杂交能提供微生物的形态学、数量、空间分布等信息,现已成为环境科学研究领域中的热点技术.对荧光原位杂交技术的发展和在环境微生物学中的应用进行了综述,探讨了该技术的应用和发展前景.      

高浓度硝酸盐对城市污水活性污泥中微生态种群结构的影响

研究了城市污水处理系统中微生态种群结构在无机培养基和基础培养基条件下受到无机硝酸盐冲击的情况,并分析了微生物群落结构及行为特征．利用分子生物学技术直接从活性污泥样品中提取DNA,对16S rDNAV3区进行PCR扩增,结合DGGE(变性浓度梯度凝胶电泳)分析活性污泥中微生物种群结构．测定了活性污泥中部分菌种的16S rDNAV3区片段序列,通过NCBI(美国国立生物技术信息中心)基因库比对,初步确定了部分细菌的属．在受到高浓度硝酸根离子冲击时,城市污水处理系统微生态种群结构在尽可能保持原有微生物多样性的同时,会及时改变菌群结构以尽快适应新的环境条件．     

一株高效产氢产酸细菌的鉴定与产氢特性

采用各种厌氧培养技术分离出90余株产氢细菌,并对其中的Rennanqilyf3进行了研究.通过16S rDNA碱基测序和比对证实,该菌株是目前尚未报道过的1个新菌种,并初步确定其细菌学上的分类地位.在培养基中分别配置不同的葡萄糖浓度和不同pH值,于间歇试验条件下测定其产气量和细菌生长情况.结果表明,菌株Rennanqilyf3在葡萄糖浓度为,15.0g/L时具有最大的细胞生长量0.46g/L,12.0g/L时具有最大产氢量58.6mmol/L;其最佳生长和产氢的pH值为5.5左右.     

一株溶藻细菌的溶藻特性及其鉴定

从海绵固定化微生物系统中分离获得1株溶藻细菌P15,对其溶解铜绿微囊藻(Microcystisaeruginosa)、栅藻(Scenedesmus)及小球藻(Chlorella)的效果、溶藻方式进行了研究,并利用16SrDNA序列分析法进行了鉴定.结果表明,初始菌浓度大于2.4×10⁷个/mL时,P15菌具有理想的溶藻效果,48h后铜绿微囊藻去除率可达到65.84%,栅藻及小球藻也能很好地去除.P15菌革兰氏染色阳性,可运动;能利用乳酸胺等32种常见碳源.P15菌株与多株红球菌的16SrDNA核苷酸序列的同源性均在99.7%以上,归属于红球菌属.     

Analysis of phosphate-accumulating organisms cultivated under different carbon sources with polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis assay

To investigate the microbial communities of microorganisms cultivated under different carbon sources, three sequencing batch reactors were operated. They were supplied with sewage, glucose and sodium acetate as carbon sources respectively and showed high phosphorus removal performance. The results of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) of polymerase chain reaction-amplified (PCR) 16S rDNA fragments demonstrated that β-protebacteria, Actinomyces sp. and y-protebactefia only exited in 1# reactor. The microbiological diversity of 1# reactor exceeded the other two reactors. Flavobacterium, Bacillales, Actinomyces, Actinobacteridae and uncultured bacteria(AF527584, AF502204, AY592749, AB076862, AJ619051, AF495454 and AY133070) could be detected in the biological phosphorus removal reactors.