中国营养物质排放控制标准特点分析及发展

水体的富营养化及由此引起的水污染治理是一个世界性难题。污染物排放控制标准对控制污染与保护环境具有重要贡献。氮磷是富营养化的重要指标。随着水体富营养化程度的加重,中国氮磷排放控制标准愈趋严格和完善。为有效改善水体环境和水质,进一步完善营养物质控制标准,有必要制定纳管企业氮磷预处理环保标准,并深入研究以确定基于生态分区的营养物基准,研究制定科学、合理的富营养化评价方法及分级标准等。     

新农药单甲脒对棉花的生态生理影响

两年的研究结果表明：单甲脒推荐浓度－稀释１０００倍对棉花的生理机能有些促进作用，其水分利用效率正常；其他处理浓度对光合速率也无不良影响，对气孔开度、蒸腾速率仅在施药初期略有抑制，半衰期后抑制消失，稀释５００倍以下各处理水分利用效率受到不同程度的抑制。单甲脒在棉叶残留量最多，伴随着叶片的Ｎ、Ｐ含量也略增加，可认为适量的施用单甲脒不仅能防治虫害、且能促进棉花的光合速率从而提高了干物质生产。     

Prioritisation of farm scale remediation efforts for reducing losses of nutrients and faecal indicator organisms to waterways: a case study of New Zealand dairy farming

The international competitiveness of the New Zealand (NZ) dairy industry is built on low cost clover-based systems and a favourable temperate climate that enables cows to graze pastures mostly all year round. Whilst this grazed pasture farming system is very efficient at producing milk, it has also been identified as a significant source of nutrients (N and P) and faecal bacteria which have contributed to water quality degradation in some rivers and lakes. In response to these concerns, a tool-box of mitigation measures that farmers can apply on farm to reduce environmental emissions has been developed. Here we report the potential reduction in nutrient losses and costs to farm businesses arising from the implementation of individual best management practices (BMPs) within this tool-box. Modelling analysis was carried out for a range of BMPs targeting pollutant source reduction on case-study dairy farms, located in four contrasting catchments. Due to the contrasting physical resources and management systems present in the four dairy catchments evaluated, the effectiveness and costs of BMPs varied. Farm managements that optimised soil Olsen P levels or used nitrification inhibitors were observed to result in win-win outcomes whereby nutrient losses were consistently reduced and farm profitability was increased in three of the four case study farming systems. Other BMPs generally reduced nutrient and faecal bacteria losses but at a small cost to the farm business. Our analysis indicates that there are a range of technological measures that can deliver substantial reductions in nutrient losses to waterways from dairy farms, whilst not increasing or even reducing other environmental impacts (e.g. greenhouse gas emissions and energy use). Their implementation will first require clearly defined environmental goals for the catchment/water body that is to be protected. Secondly, given that the major sources of water pollutants often differed between catchments, it is important that BMPs are matched to the physical resources and management systems of the existing farm businesses.     

Stream-bed phosphorus in paired catchments with different agricultural land use intensity

Stream-bed sediments from three paired catchments, each draining a lower agricultural intensity system and a higher agricultural intensity system, were analysed for (a) total P (TP), (b) bioavailable-P (Resin-P), (c) equilibrium phosphorus concentration (EPC₀), and (d) degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS). The influence of agriculture on sediment P was explored within the context of other key variables that may control the sediment P concentrations such as particle size, Fe, Ca and organic matter content, and in terms of potential implications of sediment P to in-stream biota. TP concentrations, EPC₀, and the proportion of fine sediment were highest at the sites with the greater agricultural impact. Higher concentrations of bioavailable-P were also found in higher intensity agricultural systems. However, the highest concentrations of bioavailable-P were found at sites with point source inputs. Sites with high Fe concentrations had higher TP concentrations relative to agricultural intensity, but also had lower DPS values, illustrating that the sediment still had the capacity to take up P in a strongly bound form. The results from this study show that higher risk agricultural practices (intensive arable production and dairy and beef production) can lead either directly, or indirectly through increased inputs of fine sediment, to increased sediment TP concentrations. The importance of geochemical and physical controls on the bed sediments’ capacity to mitigate high P inputs in headwater lowland streams, especially under low flows and times of eutrophication risk in spring and summer is illustrated.     

基于Sentinel-5P的粤港澳大湾区NO2污染物时空变化分析

基于最新的TROPOMI反演的对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度数据,利用Google Earth Engine平台分析了粤港澳大湾区近2a对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度的分布及变化特征.结果表明, TROPOMI传感器反演的对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度与地表NO₂浓度监测值具有较好的相关性,反演产品能够反映地面真实的NO₂污染状况;粤港澳大湾区NO₂柱浓度分布呈现出较为显著的圈层结构,高NO₂柱浓度区域面积约为4468km²,占大湾区总面积的8%,低NO₂柱浓度地区的面积约为25331km²,占比超过了45%;大湾区上空的对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度存在明显的“冬高夏低,春秋过度”的季节性差异和周期性波动特征;影响因子回归模型结果表明人类活动强度(DNB,夜间灯光)、植被状况(NDVI,植被指数)和地形因子(DEM,数字高程)与地区对流层NO₂垂直柱浓度的分布有明显的相关性.本研究成果可为政府和决策者制定相关政策和措施提供借鉴.     

深圳湾海域营养盐的时空分布及潜在性富营养化程度评价

根据深圳湾海域2008年2、5、8、11月4个航次的海水中营养盐监测数据,分析了深圳湾海域海水中营养盐的时空分布特征,应用Si：N：P比及潜在性富营养化评价模式对整个海域水质富营养化程度进行了评价。结果表明：深圳湾海域氮磷营养盐污染严重,劣于四类海水水质标准;且受珠江口水系夏季带来的高氮低磷低硅的海水的影响,整个深圳湾海水中氮磷硅营养盐的时空分布不尽相同：夏季DIN的分布由湾口向湾内逐渐降低;冬、春、秋3季DIN的分布和4个季节PO43--P、SiO32--Si的分布都是由湾内向湾口逐渐降低;受陆源输入的影响,秋季DIN和PO43--P表现出由西岸向东岸逐渐降低的趋势;受海底沉积物交换的影响,夏季SiO32--Si表现出由西岸向东岸逐渐升高的分布趋势。冬季整个海域都处于氮限制状态,基本无赤潮发生风险;春季整个海域基本处于富营养状态,是赤潮的高发期;夏季整个海域从湾内到湾口由氮限制逐渐过渡到磷限制状态,处于赤潮发生的危险期;秋季整个海域处于轻微的磷限制状态,也是深圳湾赤潮的高发期,但危险性较春季有所降低。     

芳香化合物羟基化酶研究进展

芳香族化合物的选择性羟基化是合成化学中最具挑战性的化学反应之一,特别是由于近年来羟基芳香族化合物在医学上作为前驱体使用,使其越来越受到重视.通过单一酶或者整个微生物细胞进行的生物催化氧传递,是完成芳香化合物选择性羟基化反应的一种有效方式,不仅在受污染环境的生物修复中作用重大,而且还可以替代并拓宽传统的化工合成工艺,广泛用于化工中间体的生产,这使得芳香化合物羟化酶成为重要的工业用酶之一.本文综述了芳香化合物羟基化酶的种类、作用机理及工业应用等方面的最新研究进展.图5表1参42     

不同氮磷比对铜绿微囊藻及附生假单胞菌磷代谢的影响

以铜绿微囊藻及其附生假单胞菌X菌株为研究对象,研究了不同氮磷比对铜绿微囊藻和假单胞菌之间磷代谢的影响.结果发现,无论有无附生菌存在,铜绿微囊藻在氮磷比为16：1时,生长情况最好,此时微囊藻能迅速有效地吸收水中的磷,而且附生菌的存在能促进藻的生长.而在氮磷比为4：1时,藻的生长情况最差,在实验后期,藻细胞死亡分解后把一些含磷化合物释放到了水中,附生菌的存在能够加速藻细胞的衰亡和藻体内磷的释放.     

Nitrogen to phosphorus ratios of two understory plant species in response to nitrogen and phosphorus addition in tropical forest of southern China北大核心CSCD

The secondary tropical forests in southern China have suffered from frequent human disturbance and increasing high N deposition. In order to explore the nutrient limitation status in secondary tropical forests of South China, this 3-year field experiment of nitrogen (+N) and phosphorus (+P) addition investigated nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations of the aboveground tissue (leaf and branch) of two widely distributed understory native species Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum and Uvaria microcarpa in a secondary tropical forest of South China. The results showed that: 1) the N and P concentrations of the two species were significantly different (P < 0.001); N and P concentrations of different tissues in the same species were different; N&P addition greatly affected N and P concentrations in branch rather than new leaf and older leaf. 2) +N treatment had no significant effect on N or P concentrations of either species, but significantly decreased N:P ratios (P = 0.001), at the level of 9% for C. cyrtophyllum and 50% for U. microcarpa, respectively. 3) +P treatment had no significant effect on tissue N concentrations, but significantly increased plant P concentrations (P < 0.001), at 54% for C. cyrtophyllum and 88% for U. microcarpa, respectively; +P treatment significantly decreased plant N:P ratios (P < 0.001), at 28% and 60%, respectively. 4) The alterations of P concentrations of two species had significantly negative correlations with N:P alterations under +N/+P treatment (P < 0.001), suggesting that the alteration of P concentrations in plant tissue was the major driver for N:P alteration. Our results show that N and P addition would affect tissue N and P concentrations of the two species, with +P treatment having relatively greater effect on nutrient concentrations than +N treatment; the branch is more sensitive than new or older leaf in response to nutrient addition. Therefore, P availability may be the limiting factor for plant growth in the tropical forests.     

难降解有机物对白腐真菌P450的诱导及P450的作用

实验考察了多环芳烃和氯酚类化合物对黄孢原毛平革菌P450的诱导作用及其P450对生物降解的影响.结果表明,萘、菲、2,4-二氯酚、五氯酚能够诱导该真菌P450,使微粒体P450比浓度达到37~137pmol/mg.在营养限制条件下,菲诱导的P450是营养丰富条件的5.7倍;P450抑制剂的作用使萘、菲、芘、2,4-二氯酚的降解效率下降36%~100%,但是对2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚的降解未产生影响.在营养丰富条件下,P450抑制剂的作用使萘、菲、芘、2,4,6-三氯酚的降解效率下降47%~100%,使五氯酚的降解效率增大57%,但对2,4-二氯酚的降解未产生影响.