Country-scale phosphorus balancing as a base for resources conservation

In order to effectively conserve the non-renewable resource phosphorus (P), flows and stocks of P must be known at national, regional and global scales. P is a key non-renewable resource because its use as fertilizer cannot be substituted posing a constraint on the global food production in the long-term. This paper presents a methodology to establish country-wide P balances that emphasises resource use. We develop a material flow analysis (MFA) model that comprises all relevant flows and stocks of P in five subsystems, seven processes and 36 material flows. For quantification, statistical data from economic and agricultural sources as well as available information about P partitioning in natural and anthropogenic processes are used. Special attention is paid to data gaps and uncertainties. The model was tested in two case studies on P management in Turkey and Austria. MFA appears to be a tool well suited for establishing country-wide P balances, provided that national statistics are well-structured and accessible. If a common approach is used for modelling P-flows and stocks, regional and national balances can be compared and linked towards larger scale P balances for an improved management of the resource.     

施肥对桉树生长及植株营养效应的研究

本研究在雷州半岛贫瘠的砖红壤上进行．施用基肥可提高尾叶桉材积的生长量,直至4年时仍有极显著的效应．最佳施肥处理比不施肥材积肥材积增长315％基肥的施用以氮、磷、钾配施效果课最好．施PK、NK、NP的材积分别只有NPK全肥的67％、42％和28％。本试验不同处理中,最佳配比是每株N15g、P30g、K30g．施用一定量的N、P、K可改善植株的养分状况．过量施用反而不利N、P、K的正常吸收．破坏养分平衡．     

不同恢复年限刺槐林土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量特征

地处西秦岭山地的甘肃天水吕二沟小流域土壤侵蚀问题严重,上世纪五六十年代开始,当地政府在研究区实施了多年的生态恢复措施以保持水土,但目前尚未有植被恢复对土壤生态计量特征的系统调查.分析不同林龄人工林土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量特征可在一定程度上揭示土壤养分的限制情况.选取黄土丘陵沟壑区不同生长年限(5、20、40、...     

氮磷对微囊藻和栅藻生长及竞争的影响

为了揭示不同营养条件下,藻类优势种的形成规律,选取了3种具有代表性水体的营养盐浓度,对于蓝藻水华的常见种铜绿微囊藻和绿藻水华的常见种四尾栅藻进行了竞争实验.通过竞争抑制参数对相互间的竞争关系进行了分析.结果表明,在贫营养水平下,栅藻的存在能够刺激微囊藻的生长,N/P值越小,刺激作用越明显,微囊藻也能刺激栅藻的生长;富营养水平下,竞争抑制作用与N/P有关;超富营养水平下,栅藻对微囊藻的抑制能力约为微囊藻对栅藻的抑制能力的3倍,N/P值的变化对竞争抑制作用的影响不明显.在较低氮磷浓度的水体中,微囊藻容易成为优势种,而在较高的氮磷浓度的水体中,四尾栅藻更容易成为优势种.     

城市污泥在矿区废弃地复垦中应用的可行性研究

通过对城市污泥和矿区土壤成分分析,研究了施用城市污泥对矿区土壤环境的影响。结果表明,利用污泥中大量的N、P、K和有机质以及污泥较强的粘性、持水性和保水性等理化性质不仅可以提高矿区土壤的肥力、迅速恢复植被,而且可以改善土壤的结构,从而达到复恳的目的。     

胞外聚合物在生物膜同步去除/富集磷酸盐系统中的作用

以基于同步去除/富集磷酸盐的厌氧/好氧交替生物膜序批式反应器内生物膜为研究对象,研究了胞外聚合物（EPS）内磷含量形态及生物膜内微生物种群变化,探究EPS在生物膜去除/富集磷酸盐中的作用及其与微生物种群之间的联系.结果表明,生物膜反应器在厌氧外加COD为200 mg·L^-1的条件下富集到了磷浓度为120.95 mg·L^-1的富集液.EPS在生物膜吸/释磷过程中发挥重要作用,EPS磷含量占生物膜磷含量的69.16%~79.00%,³¹P核磁共振实验表明ortho-P为EPS内主要磷形态,占比为85.47%~88.60%.高通量测序结果表明生物膜内微生物种群变化明显,Candidatus_Competibacter为优势菌属,其丰度由1.23%增至38.87%,有利于形成更具粘性的EPS进而黏附在生物膜上,可能促进EPS在吸/释磷中发挥作用;暖绳菌科为优势聚磷菌,随实验温度升高,其丰度由5.29%减至4.90%.     

磷、锌和镉交互作用对小白菜生长和锌镉累积的影响

利用不同元素之间的交互作用是控制作物重金属积累的有效手段.采用交替固定两因子的单一因子水平设计,以中性紫色土为材料,进行盆栽试验,探讨磷（P）、锌（Zn）和镉（Cd）不同水平组合对小白菜生长、抗氧化酶活性和Zn、Cd积累的效应和机制,为Cd污染土壤中蔬菜安全生产提供依据.结果表明,适量P和Zn的添加均能促进小白菜生长、抑制Cd在小白菜中的累积,但两者作用机制不同：P主要通过降低土壤中Cd的有效性和提高小白菜抗逆性减少小白菜对Cd的吸收,而Zn主要通过促进作物生长的稀释作用和植物体内生理拮抗作用抑制小白菜Cd的累积;外源添加1 mg ·kg^-1 Cd胁迫时,小白菜抗氧化胁迫能力受到显著抑制,过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性下降,丙二醛（MDA）大量积累;P和Zn均可提高CAT活性而提高小白菜抗氧化胁迫能力,缓解Cd毒害,而对POD活性影响不大;外源添加P和Zn与Cd胁迫含量比ω（Cd）：ω（Zn）：ω（P）为1 ：10 ：200时,小白菜产量最大（55.72 g ·pot^-1）,且可食部Cd含量低于国家绿叶蔬菜中Cd限量50 μg ·kg^-1的标准要求（GB 2762-2017）;增加P和Zn占比,Cd积累量进一步下降,但小白菜产量降低.因此适当施用P和Zn肥可降Cd并增产,实现蔬菜的安全生产.     

城市地表径流污染物浓度数学模型的建立及验证

针对目前描述城市地表径流污染物排放过程的数学模型不能完全适用于不同降雨过程的情况,本研究建立了一个全新的P/r模型.P/r模型以地表沉积物量(P)与降雨强度(r)的比值为主要参数,描述了降雨过程产生的地表径流中污染物的排放规律.基于对发生在陕西省西安市的3场降雨事件的实测数据的模拟,本研究建立的P/r模型的预测值与实测值的归一化目标函数、相关系数和相关指数均优于Sartor-Boyd冲刷模型.根据对P/r模型进行的不确定性分析,当Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数为0.46时,采用P/r模型对陕西省西安市地表径流中的污染物浓度进行模拟时应采用的最大比浓度常数(Km)和径流冲刷能力半饱和常数(KS)的取值范围分别为0.65~1.35 kg·min·L-1和0.16~0.22kg·min·mm-1·L-1.P/r模型的预测带平均相对宽度(ARIL)为1.21,预测带对实测值的覆盖度为67%.Sartor-Boyd冲刷模型对具有地表径流初期冲刷效应且降雨强度波动较小的降雨事件的模拟结果较好,但对于不具有地表径流初期冲刷效应的降雨事件、间歇性降雨事件及降雨强度波动较大的降雨事件并不适用.本研究建立的P/r模型的适用范围广泛,对于上述Sartor-Boyd冲刷模型不能适用的降雨事件均可适用.与Sartor-Boyd冲刷模型相比,P/r模型能够更好的描述城市地表径流的污染物排放规律.P/r模型的提出能够进一步推动地表径流排污过程数学模型的发展.     

链状亚历山大藻(东海株)对磷营养物质的需求与吸收策略

针对长江口临近海域富营养化特征,设计实验研究了链状亚历山大藻(东海株ACDH)生长的最适N/P、对PO4-P的吸收能力,以及对有机磷营养物质的利用能力,分析了ACDH藻株对P营养物质的需求和吸收策略.结果表明,ACDH藻株生长的最适N/P在9～11,其生长需要相对较多的P.ACDH藻株对PO4-P的最大吸收速率(Vm)和半饱和常数(Ks)分别为0.23 pmol/cell·h和0.92 μmol/L,能够吸收较低浓度的PO4-P,但与该海域典型赤潮藻种中肋骨条藻相比,对低浓度PO4-P的竞争不占优势.ACDH藻株在PO4-P限制下具有强烈的碱性磷酸酶表达,有可能通过碱性磷酸酶利用有机磷营养物质,这在其赤潮的形成中应具有重要作用.     

Effect of nutrient level on phytoplankton community structure in different water bodies

Increasing levels of pollution within water bodies can cause eutrophication and an associated rapid growth in and reproduction of phytoplankton. Although most frequently occurring in bodies of water such as lakes and dams, in recent years an increasing number of river systems in China have suffered serious algal blooms. The community structure of phytoplankton may differ, however, dependent on the hydrodynamic conditions and nutrient levels within the water body. The field investigation results obtained from a stagnant river in Suzhou City and Taihu Lake, China, showed that in water with higher concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, Chlorophyta became the predominant species and in water with lower concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, Cyanobacteria became the predominant species. Growth experiments with competitive species, Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz and Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.), were conducted at three different nutrient levels. The biomass of algae in pure and mixed cultures was measured under conditions of different N/P ratios at oligotrophic, eutrophic and hypertrophic nutrient levels. The results indicated that the most suitable state for the growth and reproduction of M. aeruginosa and S. quadricauda were eutrophic conditions in both pure and mixed cultures. Under competition, however, the lower medium nutrient levels favoured M. aeruginosa, while the higher medium nutrient levels better suited S. quadricauda. Under similar hydrodynamic conditions, the community structure of phytoplankton in the water body was determined by the dominant species in competition for nutrients.