水体生态系统对不同浓度水平苯酚污染的急性毒性响应

针对浙江某地苯酚泄漏事件,结合实地监测和实验室研究,探索苯酚的水体污染化学行为对水体生态系统的影响和急性毒性效应.本研究选取水生生态系统中明亮发光杆菌T3、优势藻四尾栅藻Scenedesmus quadricauda以及模式鱼斑马鱼Brachydanio rerio为研究对象,探索水体中生产者、消费者及分解者等整个生态系统对不同苯酚浓度胁迫下的生态响应.结果表明,水生生物对苯酚污染浓度的生态响应差异显著,虽然苯酚对发光细菌、四尾栅藻及鱼体都具有一定的毒性影响,但四尾栅藻抑制率与苯酚浓度之间并没有良好的线性关系.发光细菌的相对发光率与苯酚浓度的关系表明,0.2—25 mg.L-1苯酚浓度对水体会产生低毒作用,而30—100 mg.L-1苯酚浓度对水体会产生中毒作用.苯酚对四尾栅藻的影响主要表现为光合作用的暗反应破坏,高浓度苯酚处理组中四尾栅藻会将残余苯酚浓度作为自身碳源而短暂地促进其生长.斑马鱼在苯酚浓度高于15 mg.L-1时,会发生体重下降、死亡率上升、呼吸急促、游动迅速以及导致水质变坏等现象,并且在100 mg.L-1苯酚浓度处理下,鱼体内富集大量苯酚,通过食物链进而对人类健康产生影响.     

海洋苯酚降解菌Candida sp.P5的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从海洋沉积物中分离、筛选到一株能以苯酚作为唯一碳源和能源的酵母菌P5．根据菌落特征、菌体形态、生理生化特性和18SrDNA序列分析，确定菌株P5为假丝酵母菌属（Candicla　sp．）．该菌株最适宜生长和降解苯酚的条件为：温度25℃，pH6．0～7．0，摇床转速100r／min，需氧；菌株P5能在较高浓度的苯酚条件下生长，在72h内可以降解95％以上的苯酚．对苯酚代谢途径和相关酶的研究发现，菌株P5主要在邻苯二酚1，2-双加氧酶作用下通过邻位途径进行苯酚代谢．图7表2参24     

亚硝酸根离子在P(DMAEMA/HEMA)水凝胶中的吸附和扩散性能

研究亚硝酸根离子在P(DMAEMA/HEMA)水凝胶中的吸附和扩散行为.结果表明,P(DMAEMA/HEMA)水凝胶可以有效地除去水溶液中的亚硝酸根离子,且在pH 4—6的范围内具有较高的选择性和吸附容量.阴离子和季胺基团之间的吸附反应符合Langmuir吸附等温线.使用Fick第二定律计算出亚硝酸根离子的扩散系数.在pH 4.0时,扩散初期和晚期的扩散系数范围为(2-4)×10~(-6)cm~2·s~(-1).并考察了单体浓度、温度、HEMA/DMAEMA比率及溶液浓度对扩散系数的影响.     

硅改性花生壳生物炭对水中磷的吸附特性

为实现花生壳资源化利用,通过硅酸钠溶液对花生壳进行浸渍改性,再热解制备成硅改性花生壳生物炭(Si-PSBs),探究Si-PSBs对水中磷的吸附特性.结果表明,相比于未改性花生壳生物炭(PSB),Si-PSBs对磷的吸附量明显增大,8%硅酸钠溶液改性的生物炭(8%Si-PSB)对磷的吸附量是改性前的3.9倍.SEM、FTIR和XRD等结果表明8%Si-PSB上有二氧化硅生成,二氧化硅影响吸附过程中源于生物炭的碳酸钙形态,提高了生物炭自身所含金属离子Ca²⁺的反应活性.强酸强碱环境中,8%Si-PSB对磷均具有良好的吸附效果.反应平衡后,8%Si-PSB和PSB对磷的吸附量分别在2.79 mg·g^-1和0.71 mg·g^-1上下浮动,对磷的吸附均更符合准二级动力学模型,说明反应以化学吸附为主.等温吸附实验数据采用Langmuir模型拟合度更高,说明8%Si-PSB和PSB对磷的吸附均以单层吸附为主.溶液中腐殖酸(HA)的存在抑制8%Si-PSB和PSB对磷的吸附.8%SiPSB是一种低成本的新型除磷材料,可提高花生壳自身金属...     

双SBR脱氮除磷工艺的数学模型分析

应用ASM2和Delft代谢模型,结合双SBR(A2-SBR)脱氮除磷系统的特点,建立了数学模拟器,并将其运用于双SBR脱氮除磷系统运行特性的动力学分析.主要探讨了不同泥龄、碳氮比、碳磷比对系统的影响,并从模型的角度进行了分析.结果表明,利用ASM2和Delft代谢模型结合所建立的数学模拟器可以对双SBR(A2-SBR)脱氮除磷系统进行模拟.双SBR中具有脱氮除磷功能的A2-SBR的运行参数是关键因素,最佳污泥龄为9～12d时,碳氮比为3.75左右,碳磷比大于15条件下,双SBR运行正常,能得到较好的处理效果.当系统在泥龄大于12d条件下运行时,由于PAO储存了大量的聚合态磷(XPP/XPAO接近0.5)造成除磷效率降低.同样的原因也导致了碳磷比值低于15时,PAO的聚磷反应变慢或停止.     

三峡库区消落带受淹土壤氮和磷释放的模拟实验

三峡库区消落带形成后,消落带土壤淹水初期将向上覆水释放氮和磷. 将消落带土壤样品进行加肥处理后与原始土壤进行模拟淹水实验.对原始土壤进行每日换水浸泡实验.结果表明:消落带进入淹水期10～15 d后,其上覆水中营养物含量趋于平衡,水体扰动对上覆水中ρ(TP)和ρ(TN)有正影响. 未经施肥处理的消落带土壤在江水浸泡下,对TP有吸附作用,使得浸泡结束后ρ(TP)下降33.4%. TN的溶出速率变化能较好地符合一级动力学方程,TP江水静态浸泡实验数据对一级动力学方程的拟合性较差;TP和TN的绝对溶出速率对一级动力学方程的相关性均较好.       

Effect of N and P addition on soil organic C potential mineralization in forest soils in South China

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition is at a high level in some forests of South China. The effects of addition of exogenous N and P on soil organic carbon mineralization were studied to address: (1) if the atmospheric N deposition promotes soil C storage through decreasing mineralization; (2) if the soil available P is a limitation to organic carbon mineralization. Soils (0-10 cm) was sampled from monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest (MEBF), coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (CBMF), and Pinus massoniana...     

导数示波极谱法测定废水中微量的对硝基乙苯

研究了导数示波极谱法测定废水中微量的对硝基乙苯的方法.在0.0150mol/L乙二胺-0.0100mol/L EDTA底液中,对硝基乙苯产生一灵敏的二阶导数极谱峰,峰电位为-0.54V(Vs·SCE).对硝基乙苯浓度在1.00×10-7～7.00×10-5mol/L范围内,浓度与峰电流成线性关系.检测限为1.00×10-7mol/L.本方法可用于废水中微量对硝基乙苯的测定.     

Traps and transformations influencing the financial viability of tourism on private‐land conservation areas

The ability of private conservation organizations to remain financially viable is a key factor influencing their effectiveness. One‐third of financially motivated private‐land conservation areas (PLCAs) surveyed in South Africa are unprofitable, raising questions about landowners’ abilities to effectively adapt their business models to the socioeconomic environment. In any complex system, options for later adaptation can be constrained by starting conditions (path dependence). We tested 3 hypothesized drivers of path dependence in PLCA ecotourism and hunting business models: (H1) the initial size of a PLCA limits the number of mammalian game and thereby predators that can be sustained; (H2) initial investments in infrastructure limit the ability to introduce predators; and (H3) rainfall limits game and predator abundance. We further assessed how managing for financial stability (optimized game stocking) or ecological sustainability (allowing game to fluctuate with environmental conditions) influenced the ability to overcome path dependence. A mechanistic PLCA model based on simple ecological and financial rules was run for different initial conditions and management strategies, simulating landowner options for adapting their business model annually. Despite attempts by simulated landowners to increase profits, adopted business models after 13 years were differentiated by initial land and infrastructural assets, supporting H1 and H2. A conservation organization's initial assets can cause it to become locked into a financially vulnerable business model. In our 50‐year simulation, path dependence was overcome by fewer of the landowners who facilitated natural ecological variability than those who maintained constant hunting rates and predator numbers, but the latter experienced unsustainably high game densities in low rainfall years. Management for natural variability supported long‐term ecological sustainability but not shorter term socioeconomic sustainability for PLCAs. Our findings highlight trade‐offs between ecological and economic sustainability and suggest a role for governmental support of the private conservation industry.     

Effects of temperature and precipitation on grassland bird nesting success as mediated by patch size

Grassland birds are declining faster than any other bird guild across North America. Shrinking ranges and population declines are attributed to widespread habitat loss and increasingly fragmented landscapes of agriculture and other land uses that are misaligned with grassland bird conservation. Concurrent with habitat loss and degradation, temperate grasslands have been disproportionally affected by climate change relative to most other terrestrial biomes. Distributions of grassland birds often correlate with gradients in climate, but few researchers have explored the consequences of weather on the demography of grassland birds inhabiting a range of grassland fragments. To do so, we modeled the effects of temperature and precipitation on nesting success rates of 12 grassland bird species inhabiting a range of grassland patches across North America (21,000 nests from 81 individual studies). Higher amounts of precipitation in the preceding year were associated with higher nesting success, but wetter conditions during the active breeding season reduced nesting success. Extremely cold or hot conditions during the early breeding season were associated with lower rates of nesting success. The direct and indirect influence of temperature and precipitation on nesting success was moderated by grassland patch size. The positive effects of precipitation in the preceding year on nesting success were strongest in relatively small grassland patches and had little effect in large patches. Conversely, warm temperatures reduced nesting success in small grassland patches but increased nesting success in large patches. Mechanisms underlying these differences may be patch‐size‐induced variation in microclimates and predator activity. Although the exact cause is unclear, large grassland patches, the most common metric of grassland conservation, appears to moderate the effects of weather on grassland‐bird demography and could be an effective component of climate‐change adaptation.