改性沸石的沉积物磷钝化效果研究

通过室内模拟实验,对天然沸石及不同方法改性沸石的磷吸附性能及沉积物磷钝化效果进行了对比研究。磷吸附实验结果表明,磷吸附量大小为改性沸石Z3>改性沸石Z2>改性沸石Z1>天然沸石,35d的平均吸附量分别为832、466、168和70mg/kg。改性沸石的磷吸附量与沸石含量正相关,并随时间呈增长趋势,其中改性沸石Z3第35d的磷吸附量可达1690mg/kg。离子交换量测定结果显示,沸石经改性后促进了Ca2+的释放,同时减少了K+、Na+的释放量。沉积物磷钝化实验表明,改性沸石可有效减少沉积物TP、DRP的释放,减少释放量达80%以上。天然沸石主要通过表面吸附减少水体磷含量,其次,物理阻隔作用拓展了钝化作用的时间和空间。Al(OH)3絮凝物通过表面吸附、电中和及架桥作用可显著提高改性沸石的磷吸附量,增强沉积物磷钝化效果。     

Oxidation reactivity of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) by Compound I model of cytochrome P450s

Alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have become prevalent as a consequence of restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). For risk assessment of these alternatives, knowledge of their metabolism via cytochrome P450 enzymes is needed. We have previously proved that density functional theory (DFT) is able to predict the metabolism of PBDEs by revealing the molecular mechanisms. In the current study, the reactivity of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and structurally similar chemicals with the Compound I model representing the active site of P450 enzymes was investigated. The DFT calculations delineated reaction pathways which lead to reasonable explanations for products that were detected by wet experiments, meanwhile intermediates which cannot be determined were also proposed. Results showed that alkyl hydrogen abstraction will lead to bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethanol, which may undergo hydrolysis yielding 2,4,6-tribromophenol, a neurotoxic compound. In addition, a general pattern of oxidation reactivity regarding the 2,4,6-tribromophenyl moiety was observed among several model compounds. Our study has provided insights for convenient evaluation of the metabolism of other structurally similar BFRs.     

How have reforms fuelled the expansion of artisanal mining? Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa

This paper investigates whether and how World Bank mining sector reforms have fuelled the expansion of illegal artisanal mining activity in Sub-Saharan Africa. In doing so, the analysis examines three issues. First, the emerging correlation between reforms and poverty, mainly a result of increased unemployment caused by Structural Adjustment Programmes and concurrent privatisation of state-owned enterprises, is explored. Second, the possibility that reform of large-scale mining has decreased available land for peasant farming as well as legalised small-scale mining activity is discussed. Finally, the notion that the regularisation of informal mining activities has been an exceedingly bureaucratic procedure in Africa, therefore providing individuals with little incentive to operate within the legal domain, is examined. Faced with few employment prospects, a growing number of Africans are pursuing employment in the artisanal mining sector, a worrying prospect given its intimate association with environmental degradation and HIV/AIDS.     

刺红珠根中的生物碱

从利红珠根中分离到7个生物碱：8-氧小檗碱（1），巴马亭（2），小檗碱（3）．非洲防己碱（4），8-氧巴马亭（5），（±）-oblongine（6）和小檗胺（7）．通过波谱数据鉴定了它们的结构.首次用二维核磁对8-氧小檗碱和小檗胺的氢谱与碳谱进行了指定．     

溶液条件对磷酸钙沉淀法回收磷的影响

磷酸钙沉淀法是从富磷废水中回收磷的主要工艺.为优化工艺,利用批次沉淀实验、热力学模拟计算和X-射线衍射法研究了溶液pH值、初始Ca/P物质的量比、碳酸根和腐殖质浓度对磷酸钙沉淀的影响.结果表明,初始Ca/P物质的量比为1.67,磷酸根浓度为0.35 mmol/L、0.70 mmol/L、1.4 mmol/L时,能够实现快速反应的最小pH值分别为9.5、9.0和8.0.最终沉淀产物以热力学上最稳定的羟磷灰石形态存在.pH=8.0时,碳酸根和腐殖质会抑制磷酸钙沉淀反应; 但pH>9.0时,它们对反应的影响甚小.提高溶液pH值和Ca/P物质的量比均可降低干扰,有效提高沉淀反应效率.调控溶液pH值和Ca/P物质的量比是利用磷酸钙沉淀工艺从废水中回收磷的关键.     

重金属对白腐菌降解十溴联苯醚的影响

考察了重金属(Cu、Cd、Pb)对白腐菌生长及其降解十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)的影响及其机制.结果表明,低浓度重金属(≤1 mg.L-1)可促进白腐菌的生长,高浓度则表现为抑制作用,1 mg.L-1时促进作用大小为:Cd>Pb>Cu;白腐菌可高效降解BDE-209,7 d内对BDE-209(1 mg.L-1)降解率可达69.7%;重金属可显著影响白腐菌对BDE-209的降解(P<0.05),低浓度的Cu(≤1 mg.L-1)和Cd(≤0.5 mg.L-1)对BDE-209的降解表现为促进作用,其中Cu为1 mg.L-1时促进作用最明显,降解率为84.4%,而Pb则为抑制作用;高浓度(>1 mg.L-1)的重金属均会抑制BDE-209的降解,抑制作用大小为Cd>Pb>Cu,且随浓度增大抑制作用增强;降解率与生物量变化不完全正相关.白腐菌对BDE-209的降解过程符合一级反应动力学方程,Cu、Cd存在条件下,随着其浓度的增加,降解速率常数k表现为先增加后减少,Cu为1 mg.L-1时k值达到最大,为0.321 2;Pb存在条件下,k值表现为逐渐减小.进一步研究了重金属对白腐菌胞外酶降解BDE-209的影响,并运用SPSS 17.0对胞外酶降解与菌体降解进行距离相关性分析,结果表明,未添加重金属时胞外酶降解与菌体降解差异不大,其降解率分别为63.7%、69.7%;3种重金属存在条件下其相关系数R值均大于0.9,由此推断胞外酶是起降解作用的主要部分,重金属主要通过影响白腐菌胞外酶的方式作用于BDE-209的降解.     

UV-B辐射对亚热带森林凋落叶氮、磷元素释放的影响

UV-B辐射对凋落物分解过程的影响已成为全球变化生态学研究中的前沿和热点问题之一.采用分解袋法对自然和UV-B辐射滤减两种环境下亚热带6种代表性树种(杉木、马尾松、木荷、香樟、青冈和甜槠)凋落叶氮、磷元素的释放动态进行了研究.结果表明,凋落叶氮元素的动态表现为直接富集、释放-富集和释放-富集-释放3种模式,磷元素的动态表现为直接释放、富集-释放-富集和无明显变化3种模式.与对照相比,UV-B辐射滤减显著延缓了甜槠凋落叶氮元素及青冈和甜槠凋落叶磷元素的释放(P<0.05),但促进了香樟凋落叶磷元素的释放(P<0.05),对其他树种凋落叶的氮或磷释放无显著影响.凋落叶的初始氮含量和C/N比值不能解释氮释放动态,C/P比值可以部分解释磷的释放.全球环境变化背景下UV-B辐射在湿润亚热带地区森林生态系统过程中的作用尚需进一步认识和理解.     

Effect of periphyton community structure on heavy metal accumulation in mystery snail (Cipangopaludina chinensis):A case study of the Bai River, China

The ratio of metal:P stoichiometry was used to identify the accumulation pathways of heavy metals (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Pb) from periphyton to snails Cipangopaludina chinensis Gray (C. chinensis) in the Bai River watershed. The results showed that periphyton communities were mainly composed of two types of algae, filamentous green algae and unicellular diatoms. The proportion of unicellular diatoms in the periphyton community is a key factor that influences metal accumulation in C. chinensis. The V, Cr, Co, Ni, and Cd content of C. chinensis increased steadily as the corresponding metal content of periphyton increased, but Cu and Pb in the snail did not increase in the periphyton. Mechanisms of V, Cr, and Ni accumulation were found to be related to the proportion of diatoms, while Cd and Pb accumulation were dependent on the physiological characteristics of C. chinensis. The accumulation of Cu in C. chinensis was closely related to their grazing behavior. The metal:P stoichiometry revealed that Cr, Ni, and Cd can reduce the potential ecological risks associated with increased P inputs to the ecosystem. V and Co were considered to be relatively safe, regardless of the periphyton P content. Finally, Pb may not be prone to transfer to higher trophic levels, and may pose the lowest ecological risks of the studied heavy metals, but Cu can cause potential ecological risks when eutrophication has occurred.     

厦门快速城市化中居民食物C、N、P消费动态

随着城市化进程的不断推进以及城市人口的快速增长,城市人类活动对生态系统的元素循环影响越来越显著,不可持续的家庭消费已成为造成全球环境问题的主要原因,食物元素消费的研究也成为可持续消费的重要研究内容。以厦门市为例,分析了1988-2010年居民食物C、N、P元素消费的变化趋势及特点,探讨与其变化相关的经济、社会因子。研究结果表明:1988-2010年全市食物消费总量不断增加,由49.33万t增长至106.36万t。但是人均食物消费量由321.28 kg/(人.a)降至301.32 kg/(人.a)。厦门市食物C、N、P消费总量均在上升,1988年食物C、N、P消费量分别为10.14、0.64、0.05万t,到2010年食物C、N、P消费量分别为17.29、1.21、0.11万t,分别增长了70.45%、88.91%、117.11%,与此同时人均食物C、N、P消费量却在降低,其变化趋势与人均食物消费量的变化趋势接近,但并不完全一致,其中下降幅度最大的为人均食物C消费量,下降了24.92%,其次是人均食物N消费量下降了16.79%,下降幅度最小的为人均食物P消费量降低了4.37%。这主要是由于食物消费结构发生变化所致,粮食在食物C、N、P消费总量中所占比例持续下降,禽畜肉、瓜果、鲜蛋、奶制品等在食物C、N、P消费总量中所占比例分别有不同程度的增长,城市家庭食物消费模式由"以粮食为主"向"以粮食和肉类、蔬菜为主"转变。通过将相关经济、社会因子与居民食物C、N、P消费量进行相关性分析表明,人均GDP、恩格尔系数、人均可支配收入、食物消费支出、食物价格指数、大学人口比重、平均家庭人口数,与食物C、N消费量均相关,与食物P消费量相关性不显著。     

添加钾矿粉对鸡粪堆肥中N、P和K含量的影响

研究了低品位含钾矿粉(PBMB)和其它添加剂对鸡粪堆肥除臭保氮和P、K含量的影响。在固定鸡粪和锯木质量比的堆肥中分别投加0%、10%、20%、30%、40%PBMP,接种0.2%EM菌堆肥发酵35d,连续测量各堆肥温度、pH值、NH3释放量和有效钾含量,得出钾矿粉最适投加量为20%～30%。在此基础上,在固定鸡粪、锯木和过磷酸钙质量比的堆肥中分别加入20%或30%钾矿粉、山土、粉煤灰和石英,接种0.2%EM菌剂堆肥发酵35d,测量各堆肥养分含量。结果表明,钾矿粉、过磷酸钙和锯木组合添加剂在调节堆肥温度,缩短堆肥腐熟时间,减少堆肥NH3释放量,提高堆肥中全氮、速效钾和速效磷含量方面效果最为显著,在35d后,其NH3平均减少率达到71.26%,全氮和速效钾与对照相比分别提高了15.78%和75.96%,而速效磷含量与堆制前相比提高16.78%。结果说明可以通过采用添加钾矿粉的方法来降低鸡粪发酵中的氮素损失和提高速效钾含量。