地表水中总磷测定方法的改进

对用钼酸铵分光光度法测定地表水中总磷时工作曲线的绘制、消解时间和浊度补偿等进行了试验。结果表明，绘制工作曲线时可不进行消解处理；样品测定时可缩短消解时间；试样中有浊度时可用离心法替代浊度补偿法。     

Hepatic and immune biological effect assays in C57BL/6 mice to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioavailability under laboratory exposures with increasing environmental relevance

Background Monitoring biological responses that are mediated via the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in animals exposed to environmental contaminants can indicate both the presence to chemicals that act through this biochemical pathway and whether these chemicals are bioavailable. Objectives The use of an ex-situ method that incorporated biological responsiveness monitoring in mice for determining the presence of ‘biologically active’ hydrocarbons in contaminated soils was investigated. Methods The use of C57BL/6 as a test organism was validated by determining hepatic and immune responsiveness to two polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): 3,4 benz[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and 1,2 benz (a)anthracene (BA) administered via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. The responsiveness of mice exposed to soils spiked with hydrocarbons or ex situ exposures to soil removed from two contaminated sites was also investigated. Results and Discussion Mice that were exposed to B[a]P via i.p. injections showed a 14-fold increase in liver microsomal ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity compared to the control group. In contrast EROD activity following BA exposure at the same level was not significantly enhanced. Mouse immune response was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by i.p. injections of B[a]P. No significant inhibition occurred with the same doses of BA. Following i.p. exposure, the retention of B[a]P in mouse carcasses was greater than BA. Mice exposed to clean soils spiked with environmentally relevant concentrations of B[a]P and BA failed to show any significantly different hepatic or immune responses. Carcass residue data indicated a limited uptake of PAH from the soil. In contrast, EROD activity in mice exposed (ex situ) to hydrocarbon-contaminated soils removed from a fuel-loading depot and decommissioned gas works was significantly enhanced (4- and 2-fold respectively). However, this increase in EROD activity did not appear to correlate with either soil or carcass PAH concentrations. Conclusions and Outlook These results support the assumption that B[a]P has a higher affinity for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) compared to BA. Soil parameters such as organic carbon content, structure and particle size distribution can modulate the bioavailability of contaminants to biological receptors. These factors are implicated in the lack of responsiveness demonstrated in the spiked soil experiments. However the responsiveness of EROD activity in mice exposed (ex situ) to soil contaminated with complex mixtures of hydrocarbon compounds confirms the potential usefulness of this model to determine the presence of ‘biologically active’ compounds in aged soils removed from contaminated sites.     

三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统对氮磷的净化效率

选取面积为1 600 m2的小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)湿地进行小区域模拟试验。试验设割草区、1倍浓度区、静态对照区和2倍浓度区4个处理,研究N、P输入浓度,割草和输出径流对三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统净化N、P污染物的影响。结果表明,在小叶章生长期和成熟期,湿地生态系统对N、P保持较稳定的净化,N、P平均去除率分别为85.62%和85.94%。湿地水体中TN和NH4 -N的累积浓度显著相关。输入浓度、割草和输出径流都影响着湿地生态系统对N、P的净化和N、P在系统内的分配。输入浓度增大时,N、P去除率明显降低;割草会降低N去除率,但对P去除率影响不大;少量输出径流对N、P去除影响不大。三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统对输入的N、P具有显著净化作用,总净化率可达97.97%和99.05%。     

菲和芘对蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)细胞色素P450和抗氧化酶系的影响

研究了菲和芘在单一低剂量污染胁迫下对蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)体内细胞色素P450酶系和抗氧化酶系的影响.通过滤纸接触染毒法,检测蚯蚓细胞色素P450含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性.结果表明,在供试浓度范围内,蚯蚓体内细胞色素P450含量和三种抗氧化酶活性均对毒物产生了不同程度的响应.菲和芘在蚯蚓体内的代谢诱发了细胞色素P450总含量的增加,且在此过程中有活性氧自由基产生.不同酶对毒性效应响应的域值不同,其敏感性大小为:P450＞SOD(POD) ＞CAT.根据四个指标对污染物浓度响应的域值不同,可将四者联合应用互为补充作为一套生物标记物体系,以满足污染物不同暴露浓度下土壤的毒理诊断,增强指示的敏感性和有效性.     

聚合硅酸硫酸铝溶液中铝的形态分布及转化规律

以硫酸铝、水玻璃和铝酸钠为原料合成出了具有不同碱化度(B)和si／Al摩尔比的聚合硅酸硫酸铝(PASS)混凝剂,用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法和^27Al NMR法研究了PASS中铝的形态分布．结果表明,Si／Al摩尔比对PASS形态的影响要小于B值的影响;在一定的B值和Si/Al摩尔比下,Alb成为PASS中铝的优势形态;PASS中Alb和Ferron试剂的反应遵循准一级反应规律,其Kb差异不大．     

磷、砷双重胁迫对不同耐低磷水稻苗期生长及磷、砷吸收的影响

以1个耐低磷和1个低磷敏感水稻为材料,通过土培试验研究磷、砷双重胁迫对水稻苗期生物学特性及磷、砷吸收的影响,并比较不同品种之间的差异.结果表明,相同磷水平下,外加砷浓度为小于25 mg/kg时,水稻的生物量、叶宽、株高、SPAD值及磷吸收量均随砷浓度的增加而增加,当砷浓度达到50 mg/kg时开始下降,两个品种表现相同趋势.说明少量砷可以刺激水稻生长,促进磷的吸收,砷用量过多则抑制水稻的生长及磷的吸收.相同砷水平下,水稻生物学性状及磷、砷吸收量随磷用量的增加而增加,两个品种亦表现相同趋势.说明适当施磷肥可以缓解砷对水稻生长的抑制作用.上述结果表明,低浓度的磷、砷具有协同效应,高浓度的磷、砷表现拮抗作用.此外,相同磷、砷水平下,供试耐低磷水稻的生物学性状及其相对值较低磷敏感水稻大;但相对磷吸收量(除磷处理为150 mg/kg外)比低磷敏感水稻小,而砷吸收量及其相对值均比低磷敏感水稻多,这可能与二者的磷营养特性及水稻对磷和砷的竞争吸收有关.图7表1参19     

P肥施入土壤后的变化进程及对P淋失的影响

对施入不同剂量P肥的稻田土壤进行培养,测定不同时期土壤O lsen-P和CaC l2-P含量变化。结果表明,在施P量为100~1 600 kg.hm-2条件下,200 d时不同处理土壤O lsen-P含量降低量均接近于施P后的50%,不同施P量下土壤对O lsen-P的固定量均接近50%,表明在本试验施P量范围内该土壤仍未达到P吸附饱和,土壤对O lsen-P的固定量与施P量近似呈正比;当施P量低时,CaC l2-P含量低,且变化不明显;当施P量高于400 kg.hm-2时,CaC l2-P含量迅速增高。随着施P量提高,进入土壤缓效P库的比例降低,而进入速效P库和可溶性P库的比例增加,土壤对P的固定能力也逐渐降低,产生P损失的可能性增加,易于导致面源污染。预测结果表明,该土壤发生P素地表径流损失及在亚表层径流中P浓度猛增的O lsen-P含量“转折点”为81.3 mg.kg-1,与其对应的施P量约为524 kg.hm-2。可见,该土壤施P量一旦高于500 kg.hm-2,通过各种途径产生P损失的可能性增加。     

近百年来长江荆江段牛轭湖沉积的孢粉、炭屑特征及其环境意义——以天鹅洲、尺八湖为例

根根据长江荆江段沿江牛轭湖天鹅洲和尺八沉积钻孔柱样,在建立了高分辨率的年代框架的基础上,分别进行了沉积物孢粉、炭屑分析,并结合荆州市1955~2012年的气候数据、史志记载的洪水和火灾等环境事件进行了综合分析。结果显示:天鹅洲、尺八两湖泊钻孔沉积物的孢粉和炭屑特征均较好地响应了近百年来湖区周边的环境变化;牛轭湖在裁断成湖之前、成湖之后的孢粉、炭屑特征不同:成湖之前,沉积物总孢粉浓度与乔木、灌木孢粉浓度都相对较低,水生植物和蕨类植物孢粉浓度相对较高,成湖之后乔木孢粉浓度仍呈减小趋势,但灌木、水生植物孢粉浓度呈波动增加趋势;利用沉积物炭屑浓度与孢粉浓度的比值(C/P值)指标,可以较好地指示自然山火与人类聚居地火灾等燃烧事件在沉积物中的记录,而且综合利用C/P值与沉积物孢粉特征,有可能厘清长江全流域洪水与局地洪涝事件的沉积记录。     

海河流域碳、氮、硫、磷及生态环境数据库

介绍了海河流域碳、氮、硫、磷及生态环境数据库的建库目标,指导系统分解的概念模型,选择录入数据的指标体系,数据库系统构成及所含6个子库典型输出表。做为数据库的必要功效补充,还建立了地理信息系统。整个数据库系统是在DBASE-Ⅲ、汉化地理信息系统工具和FORTRAN-77统计与模式程序包支持下,在PC/AT微机上实现的。     

阳离子高分子絮凝剂P(DMC-AM)与无机絮凝剂复配处理生活污水研究

通过试验，研究了P（DMC—AM）与无机絮凝剂效果对比、与无机絮凝剂复配效果、与AlCl3复配最佳絮凝条件和絮体回用效果，并对P（DMC—AM）用于生活污水处理进行了经济效益分析。