Modelling the impact of thermal adaptation of soil microorganisms and crop system on the dynamics of organic matter in a tropical soil under a climate change scenario

No consensus currently exists about how climate change should affect the status of soil organic matter (SOM) in the tropics. In this study, we analyse the impact of climate change on the underlying mechanisms controlling SOM dynamics in a ferralsol under two contrasting tropical crops: maize (C4 plant) and banana (C3 plant). We model the effect of microbial thermal adaptation on carbon (C) mineralisation at the crop system scale and introduce it in the model STICS, which was previously calibrated for the soil-crop systems tested in this study. Microbial thermal adaptation modelling is based on a reported theory for thermal acclimation of plant and soil respiration. The climate is simulated from 1950 to 2099 for the tropical humid conditions of Guadeloupe (French Antilles), using the ARPEGE model and the IPCC emission scenario A1B. The model predicts increases of 3.4 °C for air temperature and 1100 mm yr⁻¹ for rainfall as a response to an increase of 375 ppm for atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration in the 2090-2099 decade compared with the 1950-1959 decade. The results of the STICS model indicate that the crop affects the response of SOM to climate change by controlling the change in several variables involved in C dynamics: C input, soil temperature and soil moisture. SOM content varies little until 2020, and then it decreases faster for maize than for banana. The decrease is weakened under the hypothesis of thermal adaptation, and this effect is greater for maize (−180 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ without adaptation and −140 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ with adaptation) than for banana (−60 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and −40 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively). The greater SOM loss in maize is mainly due to the negative effect of warming on maize growth decreasing C input from residues. Climate change has a small effect on banana growth, and SOM loss is linked to its effect on C mineralisation. For both crops, annual C mineralisation increases until 2040, and then it decreases continuously. Thermal adaptation reduces the initial increase in mineralisation, but its effect is lower on the final decrease, which is mainly controlled by substrate limitation. No stabilisation in SOM status is attained at the end of the analysed period because C mineralisation is always greater than C input. Model predictions indicate that microbial thermal adaptation modifies, but does not fundamentally change the temporal pattern of SOM dynamics. The vegetation type (C3 or C4) plays a major role in SOM dynamics in this tropical soil because of the different impact of climate change on crop growth and then on C inputs.     

元江流域干热河谷草地植物群落结构特征与相似性分析

选择元江干热河谷典型草地群落,采用标准样地调查法,对流域上、中、下游干热河谷草地植物群落的分布特征、群落结构、种群习性等特征开展研究,结果表明：（1）元江流域上游祥云和中下游红河干热河谷草地群落中出现的植物种类最多,元江流域干热河谷草地植物群落是以灌木为主、多年生草本为辅的结构类型。（2）元江流域干热河谷草地群落中,扭黄茅（Heteropogon contortus）为优势种群,次优种群随流域环境的改变而不同。（3）元江流域干热河谷草地植物群落之间的相似性系数均在0.00～0.25之间,处于极不相似水平,种群的扩散受流域河谷通道作用影响较小。（4）种群的扩散和定居受海拔高度的影响,随着海拔高度的变化,植物群落的组成也发生变化,形成不同的群落结构。     

不同种植制度对稻田旱作季节CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

通过大田试验研究了稻田旱作季节几种典型种植制度对CH4和N2O排放的影响,包括休闲(fallow)、油菜对照(OR-ck)、小麦对照(W-ck)、油菜施N(OR-N)和小麦施N(W-N)5个处理。试验结果表明,稻田旱作季节N2O排放明显,CH4排放量较低,甚至表现为弱的CH4汇。稻田旱作季节N2O排放除受到N肥和种植制度影响外,还受土壤含水量影响,施N处理显著促进了N2O排放,降雨后N2O排放明显。小麦和油菜施N处理N2O平均排放通量分别为18.51和13.47μg.m-2.h-1,季节累积排放量分别为87.31和59.48 mg.m-2,均显著高于对照和休闲处理。不同作物种类间N2O平均排放通量无显著差异,N2O季节累积排放量则表现为小麦显著高于油菜。各处理综合温室效应(100 a)依次为:OR-NW-NW-ckfallowOR-ck。各施N处理综合温室效应以N2O为主,但各无N处理则以CH4为主,也不容忽视。     

冬季土地管理对稻季CH_4产生、氧化和排放的影响

通过室内培养和田间试验测定了冬季休闲、种麦和淹水处理水稻生长期CH4的产生潜力、氧化潜力及其排放通量,以探讨冬季土地管理对后续稻季CH4产生、氧化和排放的影响。结果表明:休闲与种麦处理间CH4产生潜力无显著差异(P>0.05),但2者均显著低于淹水处理(P<0.05);各处理间CH4氧化潜力无显著差异(P>0.05),土壤中NH4+-N含量可能是较冬季土地管理更为重要的影响CH4氧化潜力的因素;休闲处理CH4平均排放通量显著高于种麦处理(P<0.05),但2者均显著低于淹水处理(P<0.05)。冬季持续淹水稻田CH4产生潜力显著高于冬季排水稻田是其CH4排放量远高于冬季排水稻田的原因。冬季土地管理对稻季CH4排放的影响主要受CH4产生潜力而非CH4氧化潜力的限制。     

磷钨酸光催化降解直接大红4BE溶液的研究

以磷钨酸(PW12)为催化剂,对偶氮染料直接大红4BE进行均相光催化降解,考察了PW12用量、染料初始浓度对反应的影响,并对反应机理进行了探讨.结果表明,PW12能够有效光催化降解直接大红4BE.PW12用量￡600mg/L时,直接大红4BE的降解随PW12用量的增加明显加快, 光解过程符合表观一级反应动力学.当pH2.0、直接大红4BE初始浓度为50mg/L、PW12用量为600mg/L时,其光催化降解效果最佳, 对应的一级表观反应速率常数k为0.1164min-1.直接大红4BE初始浓度在50~150mg/L范围内,PW12对其光催化降解速率随染料浓度的增加而减小.结合直接大红4BE的循环伏安图,以及不同实验条件下PW12光催化直接大红4BE的UV-vis光谱图,进行的机理探讨结果表明,实验条件下,直接大红4BE的PW12光催化脱色过程是?OH氧化, PW12*–直接大红4BE复合物内的电子转移,以及杂多蓝PW12(e-)还原共同作用的结果,其中×OH氧化脱色起主导地位.     

Anaerobic degradation of 4‐chlorophenol under denitrifying conditions with nitrate as the only electron acceptor

A denitrifying bacterium was isolated from activated sludge after enrichment on 4‐chlorophenol under anoxic, denitrifying conditions, and the microbial degradation of 4‐chlorophenol by this bacterium, with nitrate as the only electron acceptor, was investigated. The bacterium was capable of degrading up to 5 mM 4‐chlorophenol with stoichiometric release of chloride under denitrifying conditions. Anaerobic degradation of 4‐chlorophenol was dependent on nitrate as an electron acceptor. Nitrate (10 mM) severely inhibited the growth by the toxic effect of the accumulated nitrite. The optimum nitrate concentration for cell growth and chlorophenol degradation was 6 mM.     

In vitro microbiological evaluation of novel 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbaldehyde containing 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety

4-(5-(Methylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylamino)-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbaldehyde (3) and 4-(5-(ethylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylamino)-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbaldehyde (4) were prepared. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral data and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were screened in vitro for their antibacterial activities. The synthesized compounds demonstrated moderate antimicrobial activity.     

Protective effects of α-lipoic acid and chondroitin-4-sulfate against benomyl-induced toxicity in rats

In this study, the effects of fungicide benomyl and the protective effects of α-lipoic acid (LA) and chondroitin-4-sulfate (C4S) used as antioxidants on liver and kidney of rats were investigated. Benomyl (200 mg kg^?1), LA (200 mg kg^?1), and C4S (25 mg kg^?1) were administered intraperitoneally by injection once a week for a period of five weeks. The results of this study are as follows: benomyl given subchronically showed toxic effects in the form of lipid peroxidation (LPO) on liver and kidney, and LA and C4S had antioxidant effects on liver and kidney. When LA and C4S were applied together, they were more effective than individually. Furthermore, it was observed that LA and C4S had partial protective effects against the histopathological effects caused by benomyl.     

Dissipation of fluvalinate and characterisation of its degradation products on chickpea crop by mass spectroscopy

Fluvalinate was applied on chickpea crop at (i) 0.056, (ii) 0.112 and (iii) 0.56 kg a.i. ha^‐1 to evaluate its rate of dissipation. Two major degradation products of fluvalinate formed on the crop were identified and characterised as phenoxybenzoic acid and 2‐[2‐chloro‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)anilino]‐3‐methylbutanoic acid. They were estimated in day‐5 and day‐10 samples of chickpea crop as their methyl esters by gas liquid chromatography.