Widespread occurrence of estrogenic UV-filters in aquatic ecosystems in Switzerland

We performed a trace analytical study covering nine hormonally active UV-filters by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS in river water and biota. Water was analysed at 10 sites above and below wastewater treatment plants in the river Glatt using polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS). Four UV-filters occurred in the following order of decreasing concentrations; benzophenone-4 (BP-4) > benzophenone-3 (BP-3) > 3-(4-methyl)benzylidene-camphor (4-MBC) > 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate (EHMC). BP-4 ranged from 0.27 to 24.0 μg/POCIS, BP-3, 4-MBC and EHMC up to 0.1 μg/POCIS. Wastewater was the most important source. Levels decreased with higher river water flow. No significant in-stream removal occurred. BP-3, 4-MBC and EHMC were between 6 and 68 ng/L in river water. EHMC was accumulated in biota. In all 48 macroinvertebrate and fish samples from six rivers lipid-weighted EHMC occurred up to 337 ng/g, and up to 701 ng/g in 5 cormorants, suggesting food-chain accumulation. UV-filters are found to be ubiquitous in aquatic systems.     

超声协同TiO2光催化降解4,4′-二溴联苯

以纳米TiO2膜为光催化剂,对4,4′-二溴联苯水溶液进行了超声光催化（US＋UV）、光催化（UV）和超声（US）降解,探讨了初始浓度、超声的声强和频率等对降解4,4′-二溴联苯的影响。结果表明,4,4′-二溴联苯的超声光催化降解存在协同效应,降解率随4,4′-二溴联苯初始浓度的增大而下降,随声强和频率的增大而增大。超声光催化过程符合一级动力学方程,反应数率常数为0.011 min^-1。超声光催化与光催化的降解产物不同。     

Biodegradability of Chemically Modified Starch (RS4)/PVA Blend Films: Part 2

Biodegradable films were successfully prepared by using cornstarch (CS), chemically modified starch (RS4), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glycerol (GL), and citric acid (CA). The physical properties and biodegradability of the films using CS, RS4, and additives were investigated. The results of the investigation revealed that the RS4-added film was better than the CS-added film in tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (%E), swelling behavior (SB) and solubility (S). Especially, the RS4/PVA blend film with CA as an additive showed physical properties superior to other films. Furthermore, when the film was dried at low temperature, the properties of the films clearly improved because the hydrogen bonding was activated at low temperature. The biodegradation of films was carried out using the enzymatic, microbiological and soil burial test. The enzyme used in this study was amyloglucosidase (AMG), α-amylase (α-AM) and β-amylase (β-AM). At the enzymatic degradation test, the GL-added films had an approximately 60% degradation, while the CA-added films were degraded about 25%. The low degradation value on CA-added film is attributed to low pH of film added CA that deactivated the enzymatic reaction. The microbiological degradation teat was performed by using Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger.     

High pyrolysis temperature biochar reduced the transport of petroleum degradation bacteria Corynebacterium variabile HRJ4 in porous media

Biochar has been widely applied for the remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. However, the effect of biochar on the transport of petroleum degradation bacteria has not been studied. A typical Gram-positive petroleum degradation bacteria-Corynebacterium variabile HRJ4 was used to study the effect of different biochars on bacterial transport and retention. Results indicated that the addition of biochar in sand was effective for reducing the transport of bacteria and poplar sawdust biochar (PSBC) had a stronger hinder effect than corn straw biochar (CSBC). The hindrance was more evident with pyrolysis temperature of biochar raised from 300°C to 600°C, which was attributed to the increase of specific surface area (309 times). The hindrance effect also enhanced with higher application rate of biochar. Furthermore, the reduction of HRJ4 transport was more obvious in higher (25 mmol/L) concentration of NaCl solution owing to electrostatic attraction enhancement. The adsorption of biochar to HRJ4 was defined to contribute to the hindrance of HRJ4 transport mainly. Combining the influence of feedstocks and pyrolysis temperature on HRJ4 transport, it suggested that specific surface area had the greatest effect on HRJ4 transport, and pore-filling, electrostatic force also contributed to HRJ4 retained in quartz sand column. At last, phenol transportation experiment indicated that the restriction of biochar on HRJ4 enhanced the phenol removal rate in the column. This study provides a theoretical basis for the interaction of biochar and bacteria, which is vital for the remediation of oil-contaminated soil and groundwater in the field.     

阿克达拉大气本底站甲烷浓度特征及影响因素

利用2009～2019年阿克达拉国家大气本底站CH4浓度数据、气象要素数据,使用随机森林模型、后向轨迹模型聚类分析方法对其CH4浓度变化特征和影响因素进行分析.结果表明,10a间阿克达拉站CH4浓度增长明显,年平均浓度为(1934.30±30.94)x10-9,平均增长率0.45％;季节变化呈现秋冬高、春夏低的特征,冬...     

热解条件对生物炭性质和氮、磷吸附性能的影响

以橡木为原料,在不同的热解终温、升温速率和恒温时间下制备生物炭.对生物炭产率、p H、元素组分、工业组分、比表面积、红外光谱等理化特征进行分析,并考察生物炭对水溶液体系中NO-3-N、NH+4-N、PO3-4-P的吸附性能.结果表明:生物炭的产率受热解终温影响最大(极差:54.57%),恒温时间次之(极差:1.16%),升温速率最小(极差:0.42%).随热解终温、升温速率和恒温时间的增加,所得生物炭的p H和C含量增加,而H和O含量降低.热解终温对生物炭表面官能团影响较大,升温速率和恒温时间基本无影响.生物炭对氮、磷的吸附性能主要受热解终温影响.NO-3-N的吸附量最大可达2.80 mg·g-1(600℃),且随热解终温的升高呈指数增加.比表面积、表面碱性官能团和表面金属氧化物与NO-3-N吸附有关.随热解终温的增加,NH+4-N吸附量降低,最大吸附量为3.12 mg·g-1(300℃).阳离子交换量(CEC)是影响NH+4-N吸附的主要因素.PO3-4-P吸附量随热解终温的增加呈先增后减的趋势(在500℃达到最大,为9.75 mg·g-1),且吸附过程主要受生物炭表面碱性官能团和表面金属氧化物的影响.     

不同施肥模式对热区晚稻水田CH4和N2O排放的影响

由于农田温室气体排放的原位观测主要集中于温带和亚热带地区,热带地区农田土壤温室气体的排放往往被忽视.研究不同施肥模式下海南稻田温室气体排放特征对于准确评估我国农田土壤CH_4和N_2O排放及制定相应的减排措施有重要意义.本研究设置5个处理:空白对照(CK)、常规施肥(CON)、优化施肥(YH)、优化施肥与缓控释肥配施(ZYH1)、优化施肥、缓控释肥和有机肥三者配施(ZYH2),采用静态箱-气相色谱法,通过田间小区试验研究晚稻生长季CH_4和N_2O排放动态特征,并估算全球增温潜势(GWP)以及温室气体排放强度(GHGI).结果表明,CK、CON、YH、ZYH1和ZYH2处理的CH_4晚稻生长季累计排放量分别为175. 70、60. 30、63. 00、62. 80和56. 60 kg·hm~(-2),相应处理的N2O晚稻生长季累积排放量分别为0. 78、3. 40、1. 03、1. 44和0. 44 kg·hm~(-2). ZYH2的产量较CK、CON、YH和ZYH1分别提高了29. 69%、11. 81%、6. 74%和10. 36%,GWP较CK、CON、YH和ZYH1分别降低了64. 80%、43. 23%、12. 93%和15. 15%,同时,GHGI分别降低了76. 49%、52. 52%、20. 54%和23. 87%.相关分析结果表明:土壤温度和Eh是驱动CH_4排放变化的主要因素.综合产量及温室气体减排效果而言,优化施肥+羊粪有机肥+缓控释肥处理(ZYH2)是当地值得推广的减肥模式.     

田湾核电站大气中水溶性阴离子的观测研究

Cl-、SO24-和NO3-是滨海大气中的主要水溶性阴离子.2005年6月～2006年5月期间,对连云港田湾核电站滨海大气中主要水溶性阴离子Cl-、SO24-和NO3-进行了监测.研究表明,田湾核电站大气中Cl-、SO24-和NO3-的年均值分别为(33.12±53.63)、(53.34±30.34)和(8.34±4.47)μg·m-3;季节变化分析表明,Cl-、SO24-浓度在夏季高、冬季低,NO3-浓度在秋冬季高、夏春季低.气象因素分析表明,风向、风速、气温、相对湿度等对大气阴离子浓度有一定影响.本研究首次对我国滨海核电大气中主要腐蚀性阴离子进行了同时监测,为防止海洋大气腐蚀,保证我国核电工业安全经济运行提供了依据.     

对硝基苯酚在高炉水淬渣上的吸附机制及表面分形研究

研究了对硝基苯酚(p-NP)在高炉水淬渣(WBFS)上的吸附情况,用电镜扫描(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、红外光谱仪(FTIR)、比表面积测定仪(BET)等对高炉水淬渣的理化性质进行了表征.通过批量平衡实验,从动力学和热力学角度探讨了对硝基苯酚在高炉水淬渣上的吸附作用机制.结果表明,吸附等温线能较好地用Freundlich模型来描述.ΔH和ΔS值分别为3.29 k J·mol~(-1)和4.66 J·(mol·K)~(-1),表明对硝基苯酚在高炉水淬渣上的吸附是属于吸热熵增的过程,无化学键等强作用力.ΔG值随着温度的升高而逐渐降低,说明高炉水淬渣对对硝基苯酚吸附的自发性与温度呈正比.高炉水淬渣对对硝基苯酚的吸附可分为快速的表面覆盖和慢速的内部扩散吸附2个过程,整个吸附过程符合伪二级动力学模型.运用Freundlich吸附分形模型计算了不同温度下高炉水淬渣表面的分形维数D分别为2.78、2.80、2.84以及2.87,表明高炉水淬渣的表面确实存在着分形现象,温度越高,D值越大.     

南极法尔兹半岛植被土壤CH4通量特征

应用密闭箱法首次测定了南极法尔兹半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤CH4排放通量,并估算了该半岛植被土壤在夏季2个月内CH4的排放总量.结果表明在晴好天气条件下,苔藓土壤CH4排放通量可能呈现双峰型变化特征;而在雨、雪等复杂多变的天气条件下,CH4通量变化无规则,存在较大的时空变化,且与温度的响应关系不明显;苔藓土壤CH4通量夏季变化的主要影响因子是温度,同时还受降水的影响.苔藓土壤吸收CH4总量为0.6653×102kg;地衣土壤吸收CH4总量为0.7603×102kg.由此可见,该半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤起着大气CH4汇的作用.