NiO/SrBi2O4可见光催化杀菌的研究

采用共沉淀法制备SrBi2O4,利用浸渍法将NiO负载到SrBi2O4表面上,制得可见光催化杀菌剂.紫外可见漫反射光谱的测定显示催化剂在400-650nm波长有吸收.表明NiO/SrBi2O4在可见光(λ＞420 nm)照射下对革蓝氏阴性菌大肠杆菌(E.coli)有很高的杀菌活性.通过TEM观察和ICP测定反应过程中钾离子的浓度变化,证实细菌细胞壁和细胞膜均遭到破坏.     

零价铁协同超声波降解2,3,4,6-四氯酚的特性

研究了2,3,4,6-四氯酚(TeCP)在超声波/零价铁协同体系中的降解,结果表明,拟一级动力学能很好的拟合降解过程,协同体系中TeCP一级降解速率常数为0.0141min~(-1),为同等条件下零价铁体系降解速率常数的10.07倍,且大于两者之和,说明两者之间存在明显协同效应;零价铁(Fe~0)投加量、初始pH值、初始TeCP浓度(C_0)、超声功率和溶液离子强度等控制参数对TeCP降解速率的影响表明,其拟一级速率常数在Fe~0量为2g·l~(-1),初始pH值为6.0,离子强度0.8mol·l~(-1)Na_2SO_4以及超声功率350W时达最大值,并随着C_0的升高而降低.     

凹凸棒石对水中3,4-二氯苯胺的吸附

研究了凹凸棒石对水中3,4-二氯苯胺(3,4-DCA)的吸附行为,对不同温度下(298K,303K,313K)的数据分别用Langmuir,Freundlich和Redlich-Peterson模式进行拟合,并用假一级方程和假二级方程描述凹凸棒石对3,4-DCA的吸附动力学过程,结果表明:吸附作用受pH值影响明显,在pH=4.O时,吸附量最大;凹凸棒石的吸附能力随着温度的升高而降低;Redlich-Peterson方程更适合描述3,4-DCA在凹凸棒石上的吸附行为;Gibbs自由能(△G0)、熵变(△S0)和焓变(△H0)值均小于零,说明此吸附过程是自发进行的、放热的物理吸附过程;假二级方程更适用于描述凹凸棒石对3,4-DCA的吸附动力学过程,     

~(17)O-NMR与拉曼光谱法研究CuCl_2和CuSO_4对水结构的影响

利用17O-NMR化学位移、半峰宽和核磁共振系数(B')与水团簇结构和水分子缔合的关系,分析了Cucl2和CuSO4对水结构的影响,同时比较了纯水和不同浓度CuCl2和CuSO4溶液的羟基伸缩振动拉曼光谱,研究表明,CuCl2和CuSO4均具有促进水分子缔合,使水团簇加大的作用,且CuSO4对水的缔合作用大于CuCl2,Cl-对水缔合的破坏作用大于SO2-4.Cu2+作为顺磁离子,在核磁共振弛豫过程中,对缩短水中质子的自旋-晶格弛豫时间,使谱线变宽作用明显,拉曼光谱主要反映阴离子对水结构的影响,而17O-NMR方法能够全面反映阴、阳离子和化合物对水缔合程度的影响.     

质粒基因强化活性污泥系统对2,4–D的降解

以携带质粒pJP4[含编码2,4-二氯苯氧基乙酸(2,4-D)降解功能的基因片段]的基因工程菌Pseudomonas putida SM1443::gfp2x (pJP4::dsRed)为供体菌,通过半连续流实验研究了质粒基因强化对活性污泥系统的2,4-D的降解效应及菌群结构的影响.结果表明,以初始浓度约为320mg/L的2,4-D为唯一碳源,向活性污泥系统投加携带pJP4质粒的基因工程菌P. putida,运行初期,降解促进作用不明显;随着半连续流反应的进行,促进作用显著增强.与对照系统相比,降解速率之差最高为6.67mg/(L·h).从基因强化系统中筛选到1株占有优势的接合子,经鉴定为Alcaligenes sp.::pJP4. Alcaligenes sp.本身不具备降解2,4-D的能力,获得质粒pJP4后,对2,4-D降解能力大幅度提高,与野生型2,4-D高效降解菌Bacillus sp.相当. PCR-DGGE分析表明,在受到2,4-D冲击条件下基因强化的活性污泥系统较对照系统保持了相对更加稳定的菌群结构.     

混凝微滤法处理制革废水

对混凝微滤法处理制革废水进行了试验研究,通过大量试验,确定了最佳工艺条件。在最优控制的基础上,制革废水经混凝沉淀－微滤处理后,COD,BOD5,SS和色度的去除率分别为80%,87%,89%和92%左右,处理后废水可达到排放标准或回用于制革工艺。结果表明,在较低温度下,用硫酸亚铁作混凝剂仍能较好地完成混凝沉淀,验证了硫酸亚铁的低温混凝效果。因此,该工艺值得在北方寒冷地区大力推广。      

同位素示踪法检测废水中TCC／TCS生物毒性的研究

用同位素示踪法测定微生物的葡萄糖摄入量,可能检测废水中有毒物质的生物毒性。实验结果显示：ＴＣＣ／ＴＣＳ对废水处理系统中厌氧菌的葡萄糖摄入有抑制作用,其抑制率与接触剂量的对数呈线性关系,但与接触时间却没有明显的线性关系。由此可见,ＴＣＣ／ＴＣＳ对微生物葡萄糖摄入的影响是复杂的。当生物处理系统中的微生物未接触ＴＣＣ／ＴＣＳ时,１０％有作用浓度（ＥＣ１０）和５０％有作用浓度（ＥＣ５０）分别为１．７１ｍｇ     

Determination of nitrous oxide, methane, and ammonia emissions from a swine waste composting process

The amounts of harmful gas emissions from the process of composting swine waste were determined using an experimental composting apparatus. Forced aeration (19.2–96.1 l/m³/min) was carried out continuously, and exhaust gases were collected and analyzed periodically. With weekly turning and the addition of a bulking agent in order to decrease the moisture content and increase air permeability, the temperature of most of the contents rose to 70°C and composting was complete within 3–5 weeks. NH₃, CH₄, and N₂O emissions were high in the early stage of composting. About 10%–25% of the nitrogen in the raw material was lost as NH₃ gas during composting. The emission rate of NH₃ mainly depended on the aeration rate, so that as the aeration rate rose, the level of NH₃ emissions increased. The CH₄ and N₂O emissions could be kept lower with adequate treatment at more than 40 l/m³/min aeration. N₂O may be mainly the result of the denitrification of NO _x -N in the additional matured compost used as a composting accelerator. Received: September 11, 1998 / Accepted: November 8, 1999     

除草剂2，4-D在土壤中吸附常数的测定

介绍除草剂２,４－Ｄ在４种不同有机碳含量、不同ｐＨ值的土壤中吸附常数的测定．结果表明,４种土壤对２,４－Ｄ的吸附等温线均符合非线形的Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ吸附等温式,其有机碳吸附常数的平均值为２３９．６．２,４－Ｄ的吸附常数与土壤有机碳含量呈正相关,土壤的ｐＨ值对２,４－Ｄ的吸附也有一定的影响．     

Biodegradation of 4-aminobenzenesulfonate by Ralstonia sp. PBA and Hydrogenophaga sp. PBC isolated from textile wastewater treatment plant

A co-culture consisting of Hydrogenophaga sp. PBC and Ralstonia sp. PBA, isolated from textile wastewater treatment plant could tolerate up to 100 mM 4-aminobenzenesulfonate (4-ABS) and utilize it as sole carbon, nitrogen and sulfur source under aerobic condition. The biodegradation of 4-ABS resulted in the release of nitrogen and sulfur in the form of ammonium and sulfate respectively. Ninety-eight percent removal of chemical oxygen demand attributed to 20 mM of 4-ABS in cell-free supernatant could be achieved after 118 h. Effective biodegradation of 4-ABS occurred at pH ranging from 6 to 8. During batch culture with 4-ABS as sole carbon and nitrogen source, the ratio of strain PBA to PBC was dynamic and a critical concentration of strain PBA has to be reached in order to enable effective biodegradation of 4-ABS. Haldane inhibition model was used to fit the degradation rate at different initial concentrations and the parameters μ_max, K_s and K_i were determined to be 0.13 h⁻¹, 1.3 mM and 42 mM respectively. HPLC analyses revealed traced accumulation of 4-sulfocatechol and at least four unidentified metabolites during biodegradation. This is the first study to report on the characterization of 4-ABS-degrading bacterial consortium that was isolated from textile wastewater treatment plant.