INTERREGIONAL COMPARISON OF ALLUVIAL STREAM CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY: GREAT PLAINS VERSUS CENTRAL LOWLANDS1

ABSTRACT: Stream channel development is a complicated process involving many factors. A major goal of research in fluvial geomorphology is to develop an understanding of the relations between channel form, water discharge, and sediment discharge characteristics. The concept of thresholds has been introduced as an element in fluvial processes, with the implication that the factors involved in a process might change in some way as threshold boundaries are passed. This study is focused on the extent to which a particular regional boundary represents a threshold in the process of stream channel development. Twenty-four alluvial stream channels from the Great Plains region and 24 from the Central Lowlands region are compared with regard to the distributional form, central tendency and dispersion characteristics, and correlation structure of ten variables, including indicators of discharge, channel sediment, and channel morphology. The results suggest that these aspects of the data are very similar between the regions, except for certain differences in central tendency characteristics, which are assumed to reflect underlying differences between the regions in geology and climate. In general, the results support the idea that this regional boundary is not an effective threshold with respect to the stream channel development process, and that, therefore, stream channels develop in these environmentally distinct regions by way of a similar process.     

Trace element uptake in plants grown on fly ash amended soils

Four crop plants were grown in a greenhouse in soils amended with 0, 5, 10, and 20% by weight of coal combustion fly ash to evaluate potential trace element uptake by the vegetation. The leaves and stems from each plant were harvested and analyzed for As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Pb, Se, Tl, and Zn content during early, middle, and late growth. The trace element data were statistically analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine whether the trace element uptake in the four crop plants differed significantly between the soil treatments, and to identify significant differences in trace element uptake through time. The results show that the amount of amended fly ash does not significantly influence the concentration of most trace elements in plant tissue, and that some concentrations actually decrease with time. Although this study did not find a significant increase in trace element uptake, care must be taken in a natural environment where plants may behave differently.     

突发公共事件的公众认知研究

为了提高公众应对突发公共事件的能力,切实保障人民群众生命财产安全,研究我国突发公共事件的公众认知整体水平和认知差异。采用案头调研法,结合头脑风暴法和德尔菲法,设计30个突发公共事件公众认知因子,使用SPSS18.0版软件,借助方差分析(ANOVA)和事后检验2种统计学方法对204份调查问卷进行统计分析。结果显示,公众对于突发公共事件的预防措施、应对措施、突发公共事件避难场所等7个因子的认知水平普遍较低,对突发公共事件的破坏性、社会影响、媒体的作用等6个因子的认知水平较高;公众的职业与学历对突发公共事件的认知有显著影响;公众认知存在明显的结构性失衡,且比较偏向于感性认知,缺乏理性认知。     

Rock climbers' attitudes toward management of climbing and the use of bolts

The purpose of this research was to verify that various segments of the rock climbing community have different attitudes toward resource management and to aid in the understanding of attitudinal differences that can affect rock-climbing management. Respondents were given an on-site questionnaire; 400 usable surveys were collected from 13 different locations in the United States. Respondents identified themselves according to the type of climbing they participated in (e.g., traditional climbing, sport climbing, and hybrid climbing). Factor analysis identified five usable factors: bolt placement/use, need for management, reservations about management, appropriateness of bolts, and climbers' self-perception. A repeated-measures analysis of variance identified significant differences among responses from traditional and sport climbers on four of the five scales used to measures attitudes. The variance among the climbing subgroups indicated that various climbing groups had significantly different attitudes toward management. All climbers surveyed had reservations about the management process. Results from the analysis indicated that climbers from all three groups (traditional, sport, and hybrid) felt that managers did not adequately understand the activity of climbing, climbers did not adequately understand the management process, climbing was not treated fairly in the management process in comparison to other activities, and climbing was micromanaged.     

湖泊水质时空变化特征识别的贝叶斯方差分析方法

精细识别湖泊水质的时空变化特征是确定流域污染调控措施的基础.贝叶斯方差分析具有灵活的模型结构,可直接表征变量的时空动态特征.本文据此提出了基于该方法的湖泊水质时空变化特征识别的方法框架,研究了异龙湖稳态转换条件下富营养化指标的变化特征和滇池外海特征污染物达标率的时空变化2个案例,验证了该方法在总体服从正态分布和二项分布时的适用性.针对参数可交换性假设被忽视的问题,本文提出了一种基于模型选择准则的判定方法,并将其应用于滇池案例中.结果表明:(1)相对于清水稳态,异龙湖在浊水稳态时3种富营养化指标浓度更高,且年际方差所占总方差比例减小;(2)滇池外海总氮浓度超标率由2007—2013年间的40%左右降到2014—2016年间的10%左右,且波动性降低.随着监测数据的积累和监测时空精度的增加,贝叶斯方差分析在湖泊水质时空变化特征识别中具有广阔的应用前景.     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

流动沙丘土壤紧实度对沙米生长状况的影响

通过对流动沙丘迎风坡不同部位的沙米种群生长状况和其所对应的主要土壤理化性质测定,分析了其对沙米种群的影响。结果表明,在不同部位,土壤紧实度(F2,87=146.843,P<0.001)和沙米地上生物量(F2,87=324.986,P<0.001)存在显著差异;相反,土壤有机质(F2,12=0.007,P=0.993)和土壤水分(F2,12=11.349,P=0.002)的差异相对不显著。进一步的回归分析显示,土壤紧实度与沙米地上生物量呈负相关。这种关系不仅表现在水平尺度上,而且还表现在垂直尺度上。土壤紧实度对沙米生长状况的影响具有尺度性,其中,在0.013～0.029kg/m₂的范围内,土壤紧实度与沙米的相关关系相对较低;当土壤紧实度变化在0.030～0.113kg/m₂之间,经相关系数置信检查,二者之间存在线性回归关系。     

科尔沁沙地流动沙丘斑块动态与沙漠化关系

通过对科尔沁沙地沙漠化程度与流动沙丘斑块属性的ANOVA分析和关联分析,研究结果表明,流动沙丘斑块变化极大地影响着沙地景观的结构、功能和过程,是造成沙地景观动态变化的最主要原因。在所划分的4个级别中,小斑块和中斑块的斑块数量波动较大,平均值分别为(22.8±8.98)个和(23.2±5.98)个;而大斑块和巨斑块的数量较稳定,分别为(16.7±2.42)和(4.0±1.79)个。相反,小斑块和中斑块的累积面积波动较小,而大斑块和巨斑块的累积面积变化较大。ANOVA和关联分析的结果表明,沙漠化程度与流动沙丘斑块面积的变化为正关联,而斑数量与沙漠化程度为负关联,说明在科尔沁沙地流动沙丘斑块数量增加,有利于沙漠化程度的降低。同时斑块分维数的分析结果还表明,近40年来该地区流动沙丘斑块分维数的变化呈逐渐增大的趋势,说明该地区流沙斑块的空间格局趋向复杂。而复杂的格局导致沙漠化程度的降低。从不同级别斑块分维数的变化来看,小斑块的分维数为1.098±0.054,大斑块的为1.274±0.044,变化趋势为随斑块面积的增大,分维数增大,且稳定性也增强。